example.tex

% Compile with pdflatex -shell-escape
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{python}

\begin{document}

Here follows the result of some \href{http://www.python.org/}{Python} code.

\begin{itemize}
\begin{python}
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/python

for i in range(10):
    out = r"\item Le carr\'e de %s est %s car $%s \times %s=%s$"%(i, i*i,i,i,i*i)
    print out
print r"\item etc."
\end{python}
\end{itemize}

You can also take advantage of
\href{http://code.google.com/p/sympy/}{SymPy}.

\begin{itemize}
\begin{python}
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/python

from sympy import latex
from sympy import *

x,y = symbols('x,y')

def is_eqal(exp1, exp2):
    exp1 = exp1.replace("$","")
    exp2 = exp2.replace("$","")
    return "$%s=%s$"%(exp1,exp2)

for el in ( (x+y)**2, (x+y)**3, (x+y)**4 ):
    print r"\item[$\bullet$] " + is_eqal(  latex(el), latex(el.expand()) )

\end{python}
\end{itemize}

Finally, you can include plots.

\begin{python}
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 500)
y = np.sin(1/x)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.savefig('myfig.pdf')
print r'\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{myfig}'
\end{python}

\end{document}