add files adapted from Replit version of intro-to-python

Author: PaulNGilson

010_comments.py

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+# Video alternative: https://vimeo.com/954334215/cbd70ba2fa
+
+# Hello! Welcome to programming. I will guide you through these early steps.
+#
+# To begin, I'd like to share with you a little quote from a writer called Italo
+# Calvino, himself retelling a Chinese story:
+#
+# "Among Chuang-tzu's many skills, he was an expert draftsman. The king asked
+# him to draw a crab. Chuang-tzu replied that he needed five years, a country
+# house, and twelve servants. Five years later the drawing was still not begun.
+# "I need another five years," said Chuang-tzu. The king granted them. At the
+# end of these ten years, Chuang-tzu took up his brush and, in an instant, with
+# a single stroke, he drew a crab, the most perfect crab ever seen."
+#
+# Perhaps you have come to programming because you would like to be good at it.
+# Perhaps you know people, or you have heard of people, who are really
+# exceptional programmers.
+#
+# You, very likely, are not this person yet. Like Chuang-tzu, it will take you
+# many years to reach the effortless skill of an expert programmer.
+#
+# But every programmer has sat where you are sat, curious and willing to learn.
+# They have spent many hours getting things wrong, being stuck, being confused.
+# You will go through this too.
+#
+# Every expert sat where you are sat. What they all have in common? They kept
+# going.
+#
+# So let's get started.
+#
+# What are we learning?
+# =====================
+#
+# We're going to learn the fundamentals of the programming language Python. Most
+# programming languages are quite similar, so it doesn't matter much that this
+# is Python. The key ideas are the same.
+#
+# We're going to learn enough to succeed in the Makers interview process. The
+# ideas themselves are quite simple. The complexity of programming is in the
+# combination of these ideas. Here's a list of what we'll learn:
+#
+# * Functions (making your own programs)
+# * Arithmetic (basic maths)
+# * Expressions and statements (the building blocks of programs)
+# * Strings (letters and words)
+# * Conditionals (ifs and elses)
+# * Lists (sequences of items)
+# * Loops (whiles and fors)
+# * Dictionaries (pairs of items)
+#
+# You will find exercises throughout the material, signposted with @TASK. We
+# will finish the material with some extra tricky exercises for you to test your
+# skills.
+#
+# By the way — these lines starting with the `#` character? They're called
+# comments. They don't get run by Python — they're just for me to talk to you.
+# You can create one yourself if you like.
+
+# Type your name as a comment on the next line.
+
+# Hint: if you're on a Mac, type opt + 3 to get a #
+
+# Now open up 011_identity.py and get started with some real code!

011_identity.py

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+# Video alternative: https://vimeo.com/954334266/1ad4327868
+
+# Start reading here:
+
+def just_return_it(num):
+  return num
+
+# This is a function. A function is a reusable block of code.
+
+# Think of a function as a little machine. It takes an input, processes it in
+# some way, and then returns an output.
+
+# This `just_return_it` function has:
+
+# * A name: `just_return_it` that we can use to call it
+
+# * A parameter: `num` that it takes as input. You might also hear these
+#   informally referred to as 'arguments'
+
+# * A body: `return num` that processes the input and returns the result as
+#   output. Python uses spaces at the start of each line to indicate what's the
+#   body and what isn't
+
+# `just_return_it` is a very simple function, it doesn't do very much. It takes
+# a piece of data as input, and returns it as output.
+
+# We call a function like this:
+
+just_return_it(4)
+# Returns 4
+
+# In the code above, the argument `4` goes into the `just_return_it` function
+# and takes the place of `num` in the function body.
+
+# Want to see? Here, we can use `print` to show you:
+
+print("just_return_it(4) returns:")
+print(just_return_it(4))
+
+# @TASK: Run this program in the bottom terminal panel:
+#
+#   python 011_identity.py
+#
+
+TODO: reference video alternative
+# If you don't see the terminal, watch this video:
+# https://vimeo.com/954334352/1f0dee9379
+#
+# After running the command, you should see:
+#
+# ```
+# just_return_it(4) returns:
+# 4
+# ```
+#
+# This shows us that when we call the `just_return_it` function with the input
+# parameter `4` — it gives us `4` back.
+#
+# Now move on to 012_add_one.py

012_add_one.py

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+# Video alternative: https://vimeo.com/954334235/902b0b036d#t=0
+
+# Let's create a more useful function:
+
+def add_one(num):
+  return num + 1
+
+# Here is how it used:
+
+add_one(6)
+
+# And let's see it printed out:
+
+print("add_one(6) returns:")
+print(add_one(6))
+
+# @TASK: Run this code in the terminal:
+#
+#   python 012_add_one.py
+
+# `add_one` is a function (little machine) that takes a number as an input
+# parameter, adds one to it, and then returns the result.
+
+# Now move on to 013_add_two.py

013_add_two.py

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+from lib.helpers import check_that_these_are_equal
+
+# Video alternative: https://vimeo.com/954334235/902b0b036d#t=84
+
+# Now you try. Here's an exercise for you:
+#
+# @TASK: Write a function called `add_two` that:
+#
+# * Takes a number as input
+# * Adds two to it
+# * Returns the result
+
+# YOUR FUNCTION GOES BELOW THIS LINE
+
+
+
+# YOUR FUNCTION GOES ABOVE THIS LINE
+
+# @TASK: To check your work, run this in the terminal:
+
+#   python 013_add_two.py
+
+# This will run the test at the bottom of this file.
+
+# If you have trouble, look back at `add_one` _very_ closely, character by
+# character, to see if you can see any differences to your version. Pay
+# particular attention to the `:` at the end of the first line, and the spacing
+# at the start of some of the lines.
+
+print("Function: add_two")
+
+check_that_these_are_equal(
+  add_two(6),
+  8
+)
+
+# When you're done, move on to 014_multiply_numbers.py

014_multiply_numbers.py

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+# Video alternative: https://vimeo.com/954334235/902b0b036d#t=322
+
+# So far we've seen functions that take only one input. They can actually take
+# two, or even more, inputs. Take a look at this:
+
+# Notice two parameters with a comma between them
+def multiply_numbers(num_a, num_b):
+  return num_a * num_b # That `*` means multiply
+
+# And let's use it:
+
+print("multiply_numbers(2, 3) is:")
+print(multiply_numbers(2, 3))
+
+print("multiply_numbers(3, 5) is:")
+print(multiply_numbers(3, 5))
+
+# @TASK: Run these in the terminal using:
+
+#   python 014_multiply_numbers.py
+
+# Now move on to 015_add_numbers.py to write your own.

015_add_numbers.py

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+from lib.helpers import check_that_these_are_equal
+
+# Video alternative: https://vimeo.com/954334235/902b0b036d#t=444
+
+# @TASK: Now you try. Here's an exercise for you:
+#
+# Write a function called `add_numbers` that:
+#
+# * Takes two numbers as input
+# * Adds them together
+# * Returns the result
+
+# YOUR FUNCTION GOES BELOW THIS LINE
+
+
+
+# YOUR FUNCTION GOES ABOVE THIS LINE
+
+# @TASK: Check your work by running:
+
+#   python 015_add_numbers.py
+
+# Below is a test for your function.
+
+print("add_numbers(2, 3) is:")
+
+check_that_these_are_equal(
+  add_numbers(2, 3),
+  5
+)
+
+print("add_numbers(3, 5) is:")
+
+check_that_these_are_equal(
+  add_numbers(3, 5),
+  8
+)
+
+# When you're done, move on to 016_operators.py

016_operators.py

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+# Video alternative: https://vimeo.com/954334235/902b0b036d#t=606
+
+# So far you've seen very simple computations. I'm going to show you how to
+# perform more advanced ones. Before I do, let's break down `add_one` a bit
+# further`. I'm going to give you some more terminology.
+
+def add_one(num):
+  return num + 1
+
+# You may need to widen the panel or zoom out to see the table:
+
+# | Code           | What is it?                                        |
+# | -------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
+# | def            | `def` is a keyword that defines a new function     |
+# | add_one        | `add_one` is the function name                     |
+# | (num)          | `(num)` is the parameter list                      |
+# | num            | `num` is a parameter                               |
+# | :              | The `:` symbol indicates the body should start now |
+# | return num + 1 | `return num + 1` is a statement                    |
+# | num + 1        | `num + 1` is an expression                         |
+# | num            | `num` here is a variable                           |
+# | +              | `+` is an operator                                 |
+# | 1              | `1` is a literal number                            |
+
+# Don't worry about remembering all of that table, but pay attention now to
+# three items: operators, statements, and expressions. We're going to look at
+# all three next.
+
+# First we'll look at operators.
+
+# @TASK: To be a great programmer you will have to become a great researcher.
+# Let's get started:
+#
+# 1. Search the web for "Python operators", then...
+# 2. Find and fill out the following list of operators.
+#
+# I've started it for you.
+
+# Addition
+added = 2 + 3
+print(f"2 + 3 = {added} (should be 5)")
+
+# Multiplication
+multiplied = 2 * 3
+print(f"2 * 3 = {multiplied} (should be 6)")
+
+# @TASK: For each section below:
+#
+# 1. Uncomment the code by removing the `# `
+# 2. Replace the `?` with the right operator
+# 3. Check it by running `python 016_operators.py`
+
+
+# == Subtraction ==
+
+# subtracted = 2 ? 3 print(f"2 ? 3 = {subtracted} (should be -1)")
+
+# == Division ==
+
+# divided = 2 ? 3 print(f"2 ? 3 = {divided} (should be 0.6666666666666666)")
+
+# This kind of 'decimal point' number, 0.6666666666666666 is called a float, by
+# the way, meaning 'floating point'.
+
+# == Modulus == Sometimes known as "remainder if we divide 3 by 2"
+
+# modulus = 3 ? 2 print(f"3 ? 2 = {modulus} (should be 1)")
+
+# == Floor division == Sometimes known as "division without remainder"
+
+# floor_divided = 2 ? 3 print(f"2 ? 3 = {floor_divided} (should be 0)")
+
+# == Exponentiation == Sometimes known as "2 to the power of 3"
+
+# expr = 2 ? 3 print(f"2 ? 3 = {expr} (should be 8)")
+
+# There are many more operators in Python that you can research. You're very
+# welcome to try out a few below:
+
+# OPERATOR PLAYGROUND STARTS
+
+
+
+# OPERATOR PLAYGROUND ENDS
+
+# Happy? Move on to 017_expressions.py