Adds support for configuring HTTP Feature Policy (rails#33439)

A HTTP feature policy is Yet Another HTTP header for instructing the
browser about which features the application intends to make use of and
to lock down access to others. This is a new security mechanism that
ensures that should an application become compromised or a third party
attempts an unexpected action, the browser will override it and maintain
the intended UX.

WICG specification: https://wicg.github.io/feature-policy/

The end result is a HTTP header that looks like the following:

```
Feature-Policy: geolocation 'none'; autoplay https://example.com
```

This will prevent the browser from using geolocation and only allow
autoplay on `https://example.com`. Full feature list can be found over
in the WICG repository[1].

As of today Chrome and Safari have public support[2] for this
functionality with Firefox working on support[3] and Edge still pending
acceptance of the suggestion[4].

#### Examples

Using an initializer

```rb
# config/initializers/feature_policy.rb
Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |f|
  f.geolocation :none
  f.camera      :none
  f.payment     "https://secure.example.com"
  f.fullscreen  :self
end
```

In a controller

```rb
class SampleController < ApplicationController
  def index
    feature_policy do |f|
      f.geolocation "https://example.com"
    end
  end
end
```

Some of you might realise that the HTTP feature policy looks pretty
close to that of a Content Security Policy; and you're right. So much so
that I used the Content Security Policy DSL from rails#31162 as the starting
point for this change.

This change *doesn't* introduce support for defining a feature policy on
an iframe and this has been intentionally done to split the HTTP header
and the HTML element (`iframe`) support. If this is successful, I'll
look to add that on it's own.

Full documentation on HTTP feature policies can be found at
https://wicg.github.io/feature-policy/. Google have also published[5] a
great in-depth write up of this functionality.

[1]: https://github.com/WICG/feature-policy/blob/master/features.md
[2]: https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5694225681219584
[3]: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1390801
[4]: https://wpdev.uservoice.com/forums/257854-microsoft-edge-developer/suggestions/33507907-support-feature-policy
[5]: https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2018/06/feature-policy

Author: jacobbednarz

actionpack/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+*   Add DSL for configuring HTTP Feature Policy
+
+    This new DSL provides a way to configure a HTTP Feature Policy at a
+    global or per-controller level. Full details of HTTP Feature Policy
+    specification and guidelines can be found at MDN:
+
+    https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Feature-Policy
+
+    Example global policy
+
+    ```
+    Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |f|
+      f.camera      :none
+      f.gyroscope   :none
+      f.microphone  :none
+      f.usb         :none
+      f.fullscreen  :self
+      f.payment     :self, "https://secure-example.com"
+    end
+    ```
+
+    Example controller level policy
+
+    ```
+    class PagesController < ApplicationController
+      feature_policy do |p|
+        p.geolocation "https://example.com"
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+    *Jacob Bednarz*
+
 *   Add the ability to set the CSP nonce only to the specified directives.
 
     Fixes #35137.

actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ module ActionController
     autoload :DefaultHeaders
     autoload :EtagWithTemplateDigest
     autoload :EtagWithFlash
+    autoload :FeaturePolicy
     autoload :Flash
     autoload :ForceSSL
     autoload :Head

actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb

@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ def self.without_modules(*modules)
       FormBuilder,
       RequestForgeryProtection,
       ContentSecurityPolicy,
+      FeaturePolicy,
       ForceSSL,
       Streaming,
       DataStreaming,

actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/feature_policy.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActionController #:nodoc:
+  # HTTP Feature Policy is a web standard for defining a mechanism to
+  # allow and deny the use of browser features in its own context, and
+  # in content within any <iframe> elements in the document.
+  #
+  # Full details of HTTP Feature Policy specification and guidelines can
+  # be found at MDN:
+  #
+  # https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Feature-Policy
+  #
+  # Examples of usage:
+  #
+  #   # Global policy
+  #   Rails.application.config.feature_policy do |f|
+  #     f.camera      :none
+  #     f.gyroscope   :none
+  #     f.microphone  :none
+  #     f.usb         :none
+  #     f.fullscreen  :self
+  #     f.payment     :self, "https://secure-example.com"
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   # Controller level policy
+  #   class PagesController < ApplicationController
+  #     feature_policy do |p|
+  #       p.geolocation "https://example.com"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  module FeaturePolicy
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def feature_policy(**options, &block)
+        before_action(options) do
+          if block_given?
+            policy = request.feature_policy.clone
+            yield policy
+            request.feature_policy = policy
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ class IllegalStateError < StandardError
   eager_autoload do
     autoload_under "http" do
       autoload :ContentSecurityPolicy
+      autoload :FeaturePolicy
       autoload :Request
       autoload :Response
     end

actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/feature_policy.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup"
+
+module ActionDispatch #:nodoc:
+  class FeaturePolicy
+    class Middleware
+      CONTENT_TYPE = "Content-Type"
+      POLICY       = "Feature-Policy"
+
+      def initialize(app)
+        @app = app
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+        _, headers, _ = response = @app.call(env)
+
+        return response unless html_response?(headers)
+        return response if policy_present?(headers)
+
+        if policy = request.feature_policy
+          headers[POLICY] = policy.build(request.controller_instance)
+        end
+
+        if policy_empty?(policy)
+          headers.delete(POLICY)
+        end
+
+        response
+      end
+
+      private
+        def html_response?(headers)
+          if content_type = headers[CONTENT_TYPE]
+            content_type =~ /html/
+          end
+        end
+
+        def policy_present?(headers)
+          headers[POLICY]
+        end
+
+        def policy_empty?(policy)
+          policy.try(:directives) && policy.directives.empty?
+        end
+    end
+
+    module Request
+      POLICY = "action_dispatch.feature_policy"
+
+      def feature_policy
+        get_header(POLICY)
+      end
+
+      def feature_policy=(policy)
+        set_header(POLICY, policy)
+      end
+    end
+
+    MAPPINGS = {
+      self: "'self'",
+      none: "'none'",
+    }.freeze
+
+    # List of available features can be found at
+    # https://github.com/WICG/feature-policy/blob/master/features.md#policy-controlled-features
+    DIRECTIVES = {
+      accelerometer:        "accelerometer",
+      ambient_light_sensor: "ambient-light-sensor",
+      autoplay:             "autoplay",
+      camera:               "camera",
+      encrypted_media:      "encrypted-media",
+      fullscreen:           "fullscreen",
+      geolocation:          "geolocation",
+      gyroscope:            "gyroscope",
+      magnetometer:         "magnetometer",
+      microphone:           "microphone",
+      midi:                 "midi",
+      payment:              "payment",
+      picture_in_picture:   "picture-in-picture",
+      speaker:              "speaker",
+      usb:                  "usb",
+      vibrate:              "vibrate",
+      vr:                   "vr",
+    }.freeze
+
+    private_constant :MAPPINGS, :DIRECTIVES
+
+    attr_reader :directives
+
+    def initialize
+      @directives = {}
+      yield self if block_given?
+    end
+
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      @directives = other.directives.deep_dup
+    end
+
+    DIRECTIVES.each do |name, directive|
+      define_method(name) do |*sources|
+        if sources.first
+          @directives[directive] = apply_mappings(sources)
+        else
+          @directives.delete(directive)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def build(context = nil)
+      build_directives(context).compact.join("; ")
+    end
+
+    private
+      def apply_mappings(sources)
+        sources.map do |source|
+          case source
+          when Symbol
+            apply_mapping(source)
+          when String, Proc
+            source
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid HTTP feature policy source: #{source.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def apply_mapping(source)
+        MAPPINGS.fetch(source) do
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown HTTP feature policy source mapping: #{source.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_directives(context)
+        @directives.map do |directive, sources|
+          if sources.is_a?(Array)
+            "#{directive} #{build_directive(sources, context).join(' ')}"
+          elsif sources
+            directive
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_directive(sources, context)
+        sources.map { |source| resolve_source(source, context) }
+      end
+
+      def resolve_source(source, context)
+        case source
+        when String
+          source
+        when Symbol
+          source.to_s
+        when Proc
+          if context.nil?
+            raise RuntimeError, "Missing context for the dynamic feature policy source: #{source.inspect}"
+          else
+            context.instance_exec(&source)
+          end
+        else
+          raise RuntimeError, "Unexpected feature policy source: #{source.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end

actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ class Request
     include ActionDispatch::Http::FilterParameters
     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
     include ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Request
+    include ActionDispatch::FeaturePolicy::Request
     include Rack::Request::Env
 
     autoload :Session, "action_dispatch/request/session"