2.7.po

# Copyright (C) 2001-2024, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
#
# Translators:
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.13\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-02-05 00:13+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-05-23 16:20+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Adrian Liaw <adrianliaw2000@gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese - TAIWAN (https://github.com/python/python-docs-zh-"
"tw)\n"
"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:3
msgid "What's New in Python 2.7"
msgstr "Python 2.7 有什麼新功能"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:0
msgid "Author"
msgstr "作者"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:5
msgid "A.M. Kuchling (amk at amk.ca)"
msgstr "A.M. Kuchling (amk at amk.ca)"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:52
msgid ""
"This article explains the new features in Python 2.7.  Python 2.7 was "
"released on July 3, 2010."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:55
msgid ""
"Numeric handling has been improved in many ways, for both floating-point "
"numbers and for the :class:`~decimal.Decimal` class. There are some useful "
"additions to the standard library, such as a greatly enhanced :mod:"
"`unittest` module, the :mod:`argparse` module for parsing command-line "
"options, convenient :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` and :class:"
"`~collections.Counter` classes in the :mod:`collections` module, and many "
"other improvements."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:63
msgid ""
"Python 2.7 is planned to be the last of the 2.x releases, so we worked on "
"making it a good release for the long term.  To help with porting to Python "
"3, several new features from the Python 3.x series have been included in 2.7."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:68
msgid ""
"This article doesn't attempt to provide a complete specification of the new "
"features, but instead provides a convenient overview.  For full details, you "
"should refer to the documentation for Python 2.7 at https://docs.python.org. "
"If you want to understand the rationale for the design and implementation, "
"refer to the PEP for a particular new feature or the issue on https://bugs."
"python.org in which a change was discussed.  Whenever possible, \"What's New "
"in Python\" links to the bug/patch item for each change."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:80
msgid "The Future for Python 2.x"
msgstr "Python 2.x 的未來"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:82
msgid ""
"Python 2.7 is the last major release in the 2.x series, as the Python "
"maintainers have shifted the focus of their new feature development efforts "
"to the Python 3.x series. This means that while Python 2 continues to "
"receive bug fixes, and to be updated to build correctly on new hardware and "
"versions of supported operated systems, there will be no new full feature "
"releases for the language or standard library."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:89
msgid ""
"However, while there is a large common subset between Python 2.7 and Python "
"3, and many of the changes involved in migrating to that common subset, or "
"directly to Python 3, can be safely automated, some other changes (notably "
"those associated with Unicode handling) may require careful consideration, "
"and preferably robust automated regression test suites, to migrate "
"effectively."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:96
msgid ""
"This means that Python 2.7 will remain in place for a long time, providing a "
"stable and supported base platform for production systems that have not yet "
"been ported to Python 3. The full expected lifecycle of the Python 2.7 "
"series is detailed in :pep:`373`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:101
msgid "Some key consequences of the long-term significance of 2.7 are:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:103
msgid ""
"As noted above, the 2.7 release has a much longer period of maintenance when "
"compared to earlier 2.x versions. Python 2.7 is currently expected to remain "
"supported by the core development team (receiving security updates and other "
"bug fixes) until at least 2020 (10 years after its initial release, compared "
"to the more typical support period of 18--24 months)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:109
msgid ""
"As the Python 2.7 standard library ages, making effective use of the Python "
"Package Index (either directly or via a redistributor) becomes more "
"important for Python 2 users. In addition to a wide variety of third party "
"packages for various tasks, the available packages include backports of new "
"modules and features from the Python 3 standard library that are compatible "
"with Python 2, as well as various tools and libraries that can make it "
"easier to migrate to Python 3. The `Python Packaging User Guide <https://"
"packaging.python.org>`__ provides guidance on downloading and installing "
"software from the Python Package Index."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:119
msgid ""
"While the preferred approach to enhancing Python 2 is now the publication of "
"new packages on the Python Package Index, this approach doesn't necessarily "
"work in all cases, especially those related to network security. In "
"exceptional cases that cannot be handled adequately by publishing new or "
"updated packages on PyPI, the Python Enhancement Proposal process may be "
"used to make the case for adding new features directly to the Python 2 "
"standard library. Any such additions, and the maintenance releases where "
"they were added, will be noted in the :ref:`py27-maintenance-enhancements` "
"section below."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:129
msgid ""
"For projects wishing to migrate from Python 2 to Python 3, or for library "
"and framework developers wishing to support users on both Python 2 and "
"Python 3, there are a variety of tools and guides available to help decide "
"on a suitable approach and manage some of the technical details involved. "
"The recommended starting point is the :ref:`pyporting-howto` HOWTO guide."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:137
msgid "Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:139
msgid ""
"For Python 2.7, a policy decision was made to silence warnings only of "
"interest to developers by default.  :exc:`DeprecationWarning` and its "
"descendants are now ignored unless otherwise requested, preventing users "
"from seeing warnings triggered by an application.  This change was also made "
"in the branch that became Python 3.2. (Discussed on stdlib-sig and carried "
"out in :issue:`7319`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:146
msgid ""
"In previous releases, :exc:`DeprecationWarning` messages were enabled by "
"default, providing Python developers with a clear indication of where their "
"code may break in a future major version of Python."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:151
msgid ""
"However, there are increasingly many users of Python-based applications who "
"are not directly involved in the development of those applications.  :exc:"
"`DeprecationWarning` messages are irrelevant to such users, making them "
"worry about an application that's actually working correctly and burdening "
"application developers with responding to these concerns."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:158
msgid ""
"You can re-enable display of :exc:`DeprecationWarning` messages by running "
"Python with the :option:`-Wdefault <-W>` (short form: :option:`-Wd <-W>`) "
"switch, or by setting the :envvar:`PYTHONWARNINGS` environment variable to "
"``\"default\"`` (or ``\"d\"``) before running Python.  Python code can also "
"re-enable them by calling ``warnings.simplefilter('default')``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:165
msgid ""
"The ``unittest`` module also automatically reenables deprecation warnings "
"when running tests."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:170
msgid "Python 3.1 Features"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:172
msgid ""
"Much as Python 2.6 incorporated features from Python 3.0, version 2.7 "
"incorporates some of the new features in Python 3.1.  The 2.x series "
"continues to provide tools for migrating to the 3.x series."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:177
msgid "A partial list of 3.1 features that were backported to 2.7:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:179
msgid "The syntax for set literals (``{1,2,3}`` is a mutable set)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:180
msgid "Dictionary and set comprehensions (``{i: i*2 for i in range(3)}``)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:181
msgid "Multiple context managers in a single :keyword:`with` statement."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:182
msgid "A new version of the :mod:`io` library, rewritten in C for performance."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:183
msgid "The ordered-dictionary type described in :ref:`pep-0372`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:184
msgid "The new ``\",\"`` format specifier described in :ref:`pep-0378`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:185
msgid "The :class:`memoryview` object."
msgstr ":class:`memoryview` 物件。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:186
msgid ""
"A small subset of the :mod:`importlib` module, `described below <#importlib-"
"section>`__."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:188
msgid ""
"The :func:`repr` of a float ``x`` is shorter in many cases: it's now based "
"on the shortest decimal string that's guaranteed to round back to ``x``.  As "
"in previous versions of Python, it's guaranteed that ``float(repr(x))`` "
"recovers ``x``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:192
msgid ""
"Float-to-string and string-to-float conversions are correctly rounded. The :"
"func:`round` function is also now correctly rounded."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:194
msgid ""
"The :c:type:`PyCapsule` type, used to provide a C API for extension modules."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:195
msgid "The :c:func:`PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow` C API function."
msgstr ":c:func:`PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow` C API 函式。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:197
msgid "Other new Python3-mode warnings include:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:199
msgid ""
":func:`!operator.isCallable` and :func:`!operator.sequenceIncludes`, which "
"are not supported in 3.x, now trigger warnings."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:201
msgid ""
"The :option:`!-3` switch now automatically enables the :option:`!-Qwarn` "
"switch that causes warnings about using classic division with integers and "
"long integers."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:214
msgid "PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:216
msgid ""
"Regular Python dictionaries iterate over key/value pairs in arbitrary order. "
"Over the years, a number of authors have written alternative implementations "
"that remember the order that the keys were originally inserted.  Based on "
"the experiences from those implementations, 2.7 introduces a new :class:"
"`~collections.OrderedDict` class in the :mod:`collections` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:222
msgid ""
"The :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` API provides the same interface as "
"regular dictionaries but iterates over keys and values in a guaranteed order "
"depending on when a key was first inserted::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:226
msgid ""
">>> from collections import OrderedDict\n"
">>> d = OrderedDict([('first', 1),\n"
"...                  ('second', 2),\n"
"...                  ('third', 3)])\n"
">>> d.items()\n"
"[('first', 1), ('second', 2), ('third', 3)]"
msgstr ""
">>> from collections import OrderedDict\n"
">>> d = OrderedDict([('first', 1),\n"
"...                  ('second', 2),\n"
"...                  ('third', 3)])\n"
">>> d.items()\n"
"[('first', 1), ('second', 2), ('third', 3)]"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:233
msgid ""
"If a new entry overwrites an existing entry, the original insertion position "
"is left unchanged::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:236
msgid ""
">>> d['second'] = 4\n"
">>> d.items()\n"
"[('first', 1), ('second', 4), ('third', 3)]"
msgstr ""
">>> d['second'] = 4\n"
">>> d.items()\n"
"[('first', 1), ('second', 4), ('third', 3)]"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:240
msgid "Deleting an entry and reinserting it will move it to the end::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:242
msgid ""
">>> del d['second']\n"
">>> d['second'] = 5\n"
">>> d.items()\n"
"[('first', 1), ('third', 3), ('second', 5)]"
msgstr ""
">>> del d['second']\n"
">>> d['second'] = 5\n"
">>> d.items()\n"
"[('first', 1), ('third', 3), ('second', 5)]"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:247
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~collections.OrderedDict.popitem` method has an optional *last* "
"argument that defaults to ``True``.  If *last* is true, the most recently "
"added key is returned and removed; if it's false, the oldest key is "
"selected::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:252
msgid ""
">>> od = OrderedDict([(x,0) for x in range(20)])\n"
">>> od.popitem()\n"
"(19, 0)\n"
">>> od.popitem()\n"
"(18, 0)\n"
">>> od.popitem(last=False)\n"
"(0, 0)\n"
">>> od.popitem(last=False)\n"
"(1, 0)"
msgstr ""
">>> od = OrderedDict([(x,0) for x in range(20)])\n"
">>> od.popitem()\n"
"(19, 0)\n"
">>> od.popitem()\n"
"(18, 0)\n"
">>> od.popitem(last=False)\n"
"(0, 0)\n"
">>> od.popitem(last=False)\n"
"(1, 0)"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:262
msgid ""
"Comparing two ordered dictionaries checks both the keys and values, and "
"requires that the insertion order was the same::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:265
msgid ""
">>> od1 = OrderedDict([('first', 1),\n"
"...                    ('second', 2),\n"
"...                    ('third', 3)])\n"
">>> od2 = OrderedDict([('third', 3),\n"
"...                    ('first', 1),\n"
"...                    ('second', 2)])\n"
">>> od1 == od2\n"
"False\n"
">>> # Move 'third' key to the end\n"
">>> del od2['third']; od2['third'] = 3\n"
">>> od1 == od2\n"
"True"
msgstr ""
">>> od1 = OrderedDict([('first', 1),\n"
"...                    ('second', 2),\n"
"...                    ('third', 3)])\n"
">>> od2 = OrderedDict([('third', 3),\n"
"...                    ('first', 1),\n"
"...                    ('second', 2)])\n"
">>> od1 == od2\n"
"False\n"
">>> # Move 'third' key to the end\n"
">>> del od2['third']; od2['third'] = 3\n"
">>> od1 == od2\n"
"True"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:278
msgid ""
"Comparing an :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` with a regular dictionary "
"ignores the insertion order and just compares the keys and values."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:281
msgid ""
"How does the :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` work?  It maintains a doubly "
"linked list of keys, appending new keys to the list as they're inserted. A "
"secondary dictionary maps keys to their corresponding list node, so deletion "
"doesn't have to traverse the entire linked list and therefore remains *O*\\ "
"(1)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:287
msgid ""
"The standard library now supports use of ordered dictionaries in several "
"modules."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:290
msgid ""
"The :mod:`ConfigParser <configparser>` module uses them by default, meaning "
"that configuration files can now be read, modified, and then written back in "
"their original order."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:294
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~collections.somenamedtuple._asdict` method for :func:"
"`collections.namedtuple` now returns an ordered dictionary with the values "
"appearing in the same order as the underlying tuple indices."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:298
msgid ""
"The :mod:`json` module's :class:`~json.JSONDecoder` class constructor was "
"extended with an *object_pairs_hook* parameter to allow :class:`OrderedDict` "
"instances to be built by the decoder. Support was also added for third-party "
"tools like `PyYAML <https://pyyaml.org/>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:306
msgid ":pep:`372` - Adding an ordered dictionary to collections"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:307
msgid ""
"PEP written by Armin Ronacher and Raymond Hettinger; implemented by Raymond "
"Hettinger."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:313
msgid "PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:315
msgid ""
"To make program output more readable, it can be useful to add separators to "
"large numbers, rendering them as 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 instead of "
"18446744073709551616."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:319
msgid ""
"The fully general solution for doing this is the :mod:`locale` module, which "
"can use different separators (\",\" in North America, \".\" in Europe) and "
"different grouping sizes, but :mod:`locale` is complicated to use and "
"unsuitable for multi-threaded applications where different threads are "
"producing output for different locales."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:325
msgid ""
"Therefore, a simple comma-grouping mechanism has been added to the mini-"
"language used by the :meth:`str.format` method.  When formatting a floating-"
"point number, simply include a comma between the width and the precision::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:330
msgid ""
">>> '{:20,.2f}'.format(18446744073709551616.0)\n"
"'18,446,744,073,709,551,616.00'"
msgstr ""
">>> '{:20,.2f}'.format(18446744073709551616.0)\n"
"'18,446,744,073,709,551,616.00'"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:333
msgid "When formatting an integer, include the comma after the width:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:338
msgid ""
"This mechanism is not adaptable at all; commas are always used as the "
"separator and the grouping is always into three-digit groups.  The comma-"
"formatting mechanism isn't as general as the :mod:`locale` module, but it's "
"easier to use."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:345
msgid ":pep:`378` - Format Specifier for Thousands Separator"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:346
msgid "PEP written by Raymond Hettinger; implemented by Eric Smith."
msgstr "由 Raymond Hettinger 撰寫 PEP；由 Eric Smith 實作。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:349
msgid "PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:351
msgid ""
"The :mod:`argparse` module for parsing command-line arguments was added as a "
"more powerful replacement for the :mod:`optparse` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:355
msgid ""
"This means Python now supports three different modules for parsing command-"
"line arguments: :mod:`getopt`, :mod:`optparse`, and :mod:`argparse`.  The :"
"mod:`getopt` module closely resembles the C library's :c:func:`!getopt` "
"function, so it remains useful if you're writing a Python prototype that "
"will eventually be rewritten in C. :mod:`optparse` becomes redundant, but "
"there are no plans to remove it because there are many scripts still using "
"it, and there's no automated way to update these scripts.  (Making the :mod:"
"`argparse` API consistent with :mod:`optparse`'s interface was discussed but "
"rejected as too messy and difficult.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:366
msgid ""
"In short, if you're writing a new script and don't need to worry about "
"compatibility with earlier versions of Python, use :mod:`argparse` instead "
"of :mod:`optparse`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:370
msgid "Here's an example::"
msgstr "以下是個範例： ::"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:372
msgid ""
"import argparse\n"
"\n"
"parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Command-line example.')\n"
"\n"
"# Add optional switches\n"
"parser.add_argument('-v', action='store_true', dest='is_verbose',\n"
"                    help='produce verbose output')\n"
"parser.add_argument('-o', action='store', dest='output',\n"
"                    metavar='FILE',\n"
"                    help='direct output to FILE instead of stdout')\n"
"parser.add_argument('-C', action='store', type=int, dest='context',\n"
"                    metavar='NUM', default=0,\n"
"                    help='display NUM lines of added context')\n"
"\n"
"# Allow any number of additional arguments.\n"
"parser.add_argument(nargs='*', action='store', dest='inputs',\n"
"                    help='input filenames (default is stdin)')\n"
"\n"
"args = parser.parse_args()\n"
"print args.__dict__"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:393
msgid ""
"Unless you override it, :option:`!-h` and :option:`!--help` switches are "
"automatically added, and produce neatly formatted output::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:396
msgid ""
"-> ./python.exe argparse-example.py --help\n"
"usage: argparse-example.py [-h] [-v] [-o FILE] [-C NUM] [inputs "
"[inputs ...]]\n"
"\n"
"Command-line example.\n"
"\n"
"positional arguments:\n"
"  inputs      input filenames (default is stdin)\n"
"\n"
"optional arguments:\n"
"  -h, --help  show this help message and exit\n"
"  -v          produce verbose output\n"
"  -o FILE     direct output to FILE instead of stdout\n"
"  -C NUM      display NUM lines of added context"
msgstr ""
"-> ./python.exe argparse-example.py --help\n"
"usage: argparse-example.py [-h] [-v] [-o FILE] [-C NUM] [inputs "
"[inputs ...]]\n"
"\n"
"Command-line example.\n"
"\n"
"positional arguments:\n"
"  inputs      input filenames (default is stdin)\n"
"\n"
"optional arguments:\n"
"  -h, --help  show this help message and exit\n"
"  -v          produce verbose output\n"
"  -o FILE     direct output to FILE instead of stdout\n"
"  -C NUM      display NUM lines of added context"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:410
msgid ""
"As with :mod:`optparse`, the command-line switches and arguments are "
"returned as an object with attributes named by the *dest* parameters::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:413
msgid ""
"-> ./python.exe argparse-example.py -v\n"
"{'output': None,\n"
" 'is_verbose': True,\n"
" 'context': 0,\n"
" 'inputs': []}\n"
"\n"
"-> ./python.exe argparse-example.py -v -o /tmp/output -C 4 file1 file2\n"
"{'output': '/tmp/output',\n"
" 'is_verbose': True,\n"
" 'context': 4,\n"
" 'inputs': ['file1', 'file2']}"
msgstr ""
"-> ./python.exe argparse-example.py -v\n"
"{'output': None,\n"
" 'is_verbose': True,\n"
" 'context': 0,\n"
" 'inputs': []}\n"
"\n"
"-> ./python.exe argparse-example.py -v -o /tmp/output -C 4 file1 file2\n"
"{'output': '/tmp/output',\n"
" 'is_verbose': True,\n"
" 'context': 4,\n"
" 'inputs': ['file1', 'file2']}"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:425
msgid ""
":mod:`argparse` has much fancier validation than :mod:`optparse`; you can "
"specify an exact number of arguments as an integer, 0 or more arguments by "
"passing ``'*'``, 1 or more by passing ``'+'``, or an optional argument with "
"``'?'``.  A top-level parser can contain sub-parsers to define subcommands "
"that have different sets of switches, as in ``svn commit``, ``svn "
"checkout``, etc.  You can specify an argument's type as :class:`~argparse."
"FileType`, which will automatically open files for you and understands that "
"``'-'`` means standard input or output."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:437
msgid ":mod:`argparse` documentation"
msgstr ":mod:`argparse` 文件"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:438
msgid "The documentation page of the argparse module."
msgstr "argparse 模組的文件頁面。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:440
msgid ":ref:`upgrading-optparse-code`"
msgstr ":ref:`upgrading-optparse-code`"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:441
msgid ""
"Part of the Python documentation, describing how to convert code that uses :"
"mod:`optparse`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:444
msgid ":pep:`389` - argparse - New Command Line Parsing Module"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:445
msgid "PEP written and implemented by Steven Bethard."
msgstr "由 Steven Bethard 撰寫 PEP 與實作。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:448
msgid "PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:450
msgid ""
"The :mod:`logging` module is very flexible; applications can define a tree "
"of logging subsystems, and each logger in this tree can filter out certain "
"messages, format them differently, and direct messages to a varying number "
"of handlers."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:455
msgid ""
"All this flexibility can require a lot of configuration.  You can write "
"Python statements to create objects and set their properties, but a complex "
"set-up requires verbose but boring code. :mod:`logging` also supports a :"
"func:`~logging.config.fileConfig` function that parses a file, but the file "
"format doesn't support configuring filters, and it's messier to generate "
"programmatically."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:462
msgid ""
"Python 2.7 adds a :func:`~logging.config.dictConfig` function that uses a "
"dictionary to configure logging.  There are many ways to produce a "
"dictionary from different sources: construct one with code; parse a file "
"containing JSON; or use a YAML parsing library if one is installed.  For "
"more information see :ref:`logging-config-api`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:468
msgid ""
"The following example configures two loggers, the root logger and a logger "
"named \"network\".  Messages sent to the root logger will be sent to the "
"system log using the syslog protocol, and messages to the \"network\" logger "
"will be written to a :file:`network.log` file that will be rotated once the "
"log reaches 1MB."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:476
msgid ""
"import logging\n"
"import logging.config\n"
"\n"
"configdict = {\n"
" 'version': 1,    # Configuration schema in use; must be 1 for now\n"
" 'formatters': {\n"
"     'standard': {\n"
"         'format': ('%(asctime)s %(name)-15s '\n"
"                    '%(levelname)-8s %(message)s')}},\n"
"\n"
" 'handlers': {'netlog': {'backupCount': 10,\n"
"                     'class': 'logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler',\n"
"                     'filename': '/logs/network.log',\n"
"                     'formatter': 'standard',\n"
"                     'level': 'INFO',\n"
"                     'maxBytes': 1000000},\n"
"              'syslog': {'class': 'logging.handlers.SysLogHandler',\n"
"                         'formatter': 'standard',\n"
"                         'level': 'ERROR'}},\n"
"\n"
" # Specify all the subordinate loggers\n"
" 'loggers': {\n"
"             'network': {\n"
"                         'handlers': ['netlog']\n"
"             }\n"
" },\n"
" # Specify properties of the root logger\n"
" 'root': {\n"
"          'handlers': ['syslog']\n"
" },\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"# Set up configuration\n"
"logging.config.dictConfig(configdict)\n"
"\n"
"# As an example, log two error messages\n"
"logger = logging.getLogger('/')\n"
"logger.error('Database not found')\n"
"\n"
"netlogger = logging.getLogger('network')\n"
"netlogger.error('Connection failed')"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:518
msgid ""
"Three smaller enhancements to the :mod:`logging` module, all implemented by "
"Vinay Sajip, are:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:523
msgid ""
"The :class:`~logging.handlers.SysLogHandler` class now supports syslogging "
"over TCP.  The constructor has a *socktype* parameter giving the type of "
"socket to use, either :const:`socket.SOCK_DGRAM` for UDP or :const:`socket."
"SOCK_STREAM` for TCP.  The default protocol remains UDP."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:529
msgid ""
":class:`~logging.Logger` instances gained a :meth:`~logging.Logger.getChild` "
"method that retrieves a descendant logger using a relative path. For "
"example, once you retrieve a logger by doing ``log = getLogger('app')``, "
"calling ``log.getChild('network.listen')`` is equivalent to ``getLogger('app."
"network.listen')``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:535
msgid ""
"The :class:`~logging.LoggerAdapter` class gained an :meth:`~logging.Logger."
"isEnabledFor` method that takes a *level* and returns whether the underlying "
"logger would process a message of that level of importance."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:544
msgid ":pep:`391` - Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:545
msgid "PEP written and implemented by Vinay Sajip."
msgstr "由 Vinay Sajip 撰寫 PEP 與實作。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:548
msgid "PEP 3106: Dictionary Views"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:550
msgid ""
"The dictionary methods :meth:`~dict.keys`, :meth:`~dict.values`, and :meth:"
"`~dict.items` are different in Python 3.x.  They return an object called a :"
"dfn:`view` instead of a fully materialized list."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:554
msgid ""
"It's not possible to change the return values of :meth:`~dict.keys`, :meth:"
"`~dict.values`, and :meth:`~dict.items` in Python 2.7 because too much code "
"would break.  Instead the 3.x versions were added under the new names :meth:"
"`!viewkeys`, :meth:`!viewvalues`, and :meth:`!viewitems`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:562
msgid ""
">>> d = dict((i*10, chr(65+i)) for i in range(26))\n"
">>> d\n"
"{0: 'A', 130: 'N', 10: 'B', 140: 'O', 20: ..., 250: 'Z'}\n"
">>> d.viewkeys()\n"
"dict_keys([0, 130, 10, 140, 20, 150, 30, ..., 250])"
msgstr ""
">>> d = dict((i*10, chr(65+i)) for i in range(26))\n"
">>> d\n"
"{0: 'A', 130: 'N', 10: 'B', 140: 'O', 20: ..., 250: 'Z'}\n"
">>> d.viewkeys()\n"
"dict_keys([0, 130, 10, 140, 20, 150, 30, ..., 250])"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:568
msgid ""
"Views can be iterated over, but the key and item views also behave like "
"sets.  The ``&`` operator performs intersection, and ``|`` performs a union::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:572
msgid ""
">>> d1 = dict((i*10, chr(65+i)) for i in range(26))\n"
">>> d2 = dict((i**.5, i) for i in range(1000))\n"
">>> d1.viewkeys() & d2.viewkeys()\n"
"set([0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0])\n"
">>> d1.viewkeys() | range(0, 30)\n"
"set([0, 1, 130, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., 120, 250])"
msgstr ""
">>> d1 = dict((i*10, chr(65+i)) for i in range(26))\n"
">>> d2 = dict((i**.5, i) for i in range(1000))\n"
">>> d1.viewkeys() & d2.viewkeys()\n"
"set([0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0])\n"
">>> d1.viewkeys() | range(0, 30)\n"
"set([0, 1, 130, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., 120, 250])"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:579
msgid ""
"The view keeps track of the dictionary and its contents change as the "
"dictionary is modified::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:582
msgid ""
">>> vk = d.viewkeys()\n"
">>> vk\n"
"dict_keys([0, 130, 10, ..., 250])\n"
">>> d[260] = '&'\n"
">>> vk\n"
"dict_keys([0, 130, 260, 10, ..., 250])"
msgstr ""
">>> vk = d.viewkeys()\n"
">>> vk\n"
"dict_keys([0, 130, 10, ..., 250])\n"
">>> d[260] = '&'\n"
">>> vk\n"
"dict_keys([0, 130, 260, 10, ..., 250])"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:589
msgid ""
"However, note that you can't add or remove keys while you're iterating over "
"the view::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:592
msgid ""
">>> for k in vk:\n"
"...     d[k*2] = k\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration"
msgstr ""
">>> for k in vk:\n"
"...     d[k*2] = k\n"
"...\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:599
msgid ""
"You can use the view methods in Python 2.x code, and the 2to3 converter will "
"change them to the standard :meth:`~dict.keys`, :meth:`~dict.values`, and :"
"meth:`~dict.items` methods."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:605
msgid ":pep:`3106` - Revamping dict.keys(), .values() and .items()"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:606
msgid ""
"PEP written by Guido van Rossum. Backported to 2.7 by Alexandre Vassalotti; :"
"issue:`1967`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:611
msgid "PEP 3137: The memoryview Object"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:613
msgid ""
"The :class:`memoryview` object provides a view of another object's memory "
"content that matches the :class:`bytes` type's interface."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:616
msgid ""
">>> import string\n"
">>> m = memoryview(string.letters)\n"
">>> m\n"
"<memory at 0x37f850>\n"
">>> len(m)           # Returns length of underlying object\n"
"52\n"
">>> m[0], m[25], m[26]   # Indexing returns one byte\n"
"('a', 'z', 'A')\n"
">>> m2 = m[0:26]         # Slicing returns another memoryview\n"
">>> m2\n"
"<memory at 0x37f080>"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:631
msgid ""
"The content of the view can be converted to a string of bytes or a list of "
"integers:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:634
msgid ""
">>> m2.tobytes()\n"
"'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'\n"
">>> m2.tolist()\n"
"[97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, ... 121, 122]\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
">>> m2.tobytes()\n"
"'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'\n"
">>> m2.tolist()\n"
"[97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, ... 121, 122]\n"
">>>"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:643
msgid ""
":class:`memoryview` objects allow modifying the underlying object if it's a "
"mutable object."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:646
msgid ""
">>> m2[0] = 75\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"TypeError: cannot modify read-only memory\n"
">>> b = bytearray(string.letters)  # Creating a mutable object\n"
">>> b\n"
"bytearray(b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')\n"
">>> mb = memoryview(b)\n"
">>> mb[0] = '*'         # Assign to view, changing the bytearray.\n"
">>> b[0:5]              # The bytearray has been changed.\n"
"bytearray(b'*bcde')\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:664
msgid ":pep:`3137` - Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:665
msgid ""
"PEP written by Guido van Rossum. Implemented by Travis Oliphant, Antoine "
"Pitrou and others. Backported to 2.7 by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`2396`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:672
msgid "Other Language Changes"
msgstr "其他語言更動"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:674
msgid "Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:676
msgid ""
"The syntax for set literals has been backported from Python 3.x. Curly "
"brackets are used to surround the contents of the resulting mutable set; set "
"literals are distinguished from dictionaries by not containing colons and "
"values. ``{}`` continues to represent an empty dictionary; use ``set()`` for "
"an empty set."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:683
msgid ""
">>> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\n"
"set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])\n"
">>> set() # empty set\n"
"set([])\n"
">>> {}    # empty dict\n"
"{}"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:693
msgid "Backported by Alexandre Vassalotti; :issue:`2335`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:695
msgid ""
"Dictionary and set comprehensions are another feature backported from 3.x, "
"generalizing list/generator comprehensions to use the literal syntax for "
"sets and dictionaries."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:699
msgid ""
">>> {x: x*x for x in range(6)}\n"
"{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}\n"
">>> {('a'*x) for x in range(6)}\n"
"set(['', 'a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'aaaa', 'aaaaa'])"
msgstr ""
">>> {x: x*x for x in range(6)}\n"
"{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25}\n"
">>> {('a'*x) for x in range(6)}\n"
"set(['', 'a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'aaaa', 'aaaaa'])"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:707
msgid "Backported by Alexandre Vassalotti; :issue:`2333`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:709
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`with` statement can now use multiple context managers in one "
"statement.  Context managers are processed from left to right and each one "
"is treated as beginning a new :keyword:`!with` statement. This means that::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:714
msgid ""
"with A() as a, B() as b:\n"
"    ... suite of statements ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:717
msgid "is equivalent to::"
msgstr "等價於： ::"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:719
msgid ""
"with A() as a:\n"
"    with B() as b:\n"
"        ... suite of statements ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:723
msgid ""
"The :func:`!contextlib.nested` function provides a very similar function, so "
"it's no longer necessary and has been deprecated."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:726
msgid ""
"(Proposed in https://codereview.appspot.com/53094; implemented by Georg "
"Brandl.)"
msgstr ""
"（於 https://codereview.appspot.com/53094 提出；由 Georg Brandl 實作。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:729
msgid ""
"Conversions between floating-point numbers and strings are now correctly "
"rounded on most platforms.  These conversions occur in many different "
"places: :func:`str` on floats and complex numbers; the :class:`float` and :"
"class:`complex` constructors; numeric formatting; serializing and "
"deserializing floats and complex numbers using the :mod:`marshal`, :mod:"
"`pickle` and :mod:`json` modules; parsing of float and imaginary literals in "
"Python code; and :class:`~decimal.Decimal`-to-float conversion."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:741
msgid ""
"Related to this, the :func:`repr` of a floating-point number *x* now returns "
"a result based on the shortest decimal string that's guaranteed to round "
"back to *x* under correct rounding (with round-half-to-even rounding mode).  "
"Previously it gave a string based on rounding x to 17 decimal digits."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:749
msgid ""
"The rounding library responsible for this improvement works on Windows and "
"on Unix platforms using the gcc, icc, or suncc compilers.  There may be a "
"small number of platforms where correct operation of this code cannot be "
"guaranteed, so the code is not used on such systems.  You can find out which "
"code is being used by checking :data:`sys.float_repr_style`,  which will be "
"``short`` if the new code is in use and ``legacy`` if it isn't."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:757
msgid ""
"Implemented by Eric Smith and Mark Dickinson, using David Gay's :file:`dtoa."
"c` library; :issue:`7117`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:760
msgid ""
"Conversions from long integers and regular integers to floating point now "
"round differently, returning the floating-point number closest to the "
"number.  This doesn't matter for small integers that can be converted "
"exactly, but for large numbers that will unavoidably lose precision, Python "
"2.7 now approximates more closely.  For example, Python 2.6 computed the "
"following::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:767
msgid ""
">>> n = 295147905179352891391\n"
">>> float(n)\n"
"2.9514790517935283e+20\n"
">>> n - long(float(n))\n"
"65535L"
msgstr ""
">>> n = 295147905179352891391\n"
">>> float(n)\n"
"2.9514790517935283e+20\n"
">>> n - long(float(n))\n"
"65535L"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:773
msgid ""
"Python 2.7's floating-point result is larger, but much closer to the true "
"value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:776
msgid ""
">>> n = 295147905179352891391\n"
">>> float(n)\n"
"2.9514790517935289e+20\n"
">>> n - long(float(n))\n"
"-1L"
msgstr ""
">>> n = 295147905179352891391\n"
">>> float(n)\n"
"2.9514790517935289e+20\n"
">>> n - long(float(n))\n"
"-1L"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:782
msgid "(Implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`3166`.)"
msgstr "（由 Mark Dickinson 實作；:issue:`3166`。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:784
msgid ""
"Integer division is also more accurate in its rounding behaviours.  (Also "
"implemented by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`1811`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:787
msgid ""
"Implicit coercion for complex numbers has been removed; the interpreter will "
"no longer ever attempt to call a :meth:`!__coerce__` method on complex "
"objects.  (Removed by Meador Inge and Mark Dickinson; :issue:`5211`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:791
msgid ""
"The :meth:`str.format` method now supports automatic numbering of the "
"replacement fields.  This makes using :meth:`str.format` more closely "
"resemble using ``%s`` formatting::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:795
msgid ""
">>> '{}:{}:{}'.format(2009, 04, 'Sunday')\n"
"'2009:4:Sunday'\n"
">>> '{}:{}:{day}'.format(2009, 4, day='Sunday')\n"
"'2009:4:Sunday'"
msgstr ""
">>> '{}:{}:{}'.format(2009, 04, 'Sunday')\n"
"'2009:4:Sunday'\n"
">>> '{}:{}:{day}'.format(2009, 4, day='Sunday')\n"
"'2009:4:Sunday'"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:800
msgid ""
"The auto-numbering takes the fields from left to right, so the first ``{...}"
"`` specifier will use the first argument to :meth:`str.format`, the next "
"specifier will use the next argument, and so on.  You can't mix auto-"
"numbering and explicit numbering -- either number all of your specifier "
"fields or none of them -- but you can mix auto-numbering and named fields, "
"as in the second example above.  (Contributed by Eric Smith; :issue:`5237`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:807
msgid ""
"Complex numbers now correctly support usage with :func:`format`, and default "
"to being right-aligned. Specifying a precision or comma-separation applies "
"to both the real and imaginary parts of the number, but a specified field "
"width and alignment is applied to the whole of the resulting ``1.5+3j`` "
"output.  (Contributed by Eric Smith; :issue:`1588` and :issue:`7988`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:814
msgid ""
"The 'F' format code now always formats its output using uppercase "
"characters, so it will now produce 'INF' and 'NAN'. (Contributed by Eric "
"Smith; :issue:`3382`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:818
msgid ""
"A low-level change: the :meth:`object.__format__` method now triggers a :exc:"
"`PendingDeprecationWarning` if it's passed a format string, because the :"
"meth:`!__format__` method for :class:`object` converts the object to a "
"string representation and formats that.  Previously the method silently "
"applied the format string to the string representation, but that could hide "
"mistakes in Python code.  If you're supplying formatting information such as "
"an alignment or precision, presumably you're expecting the formatting to be "
"applied in some object-specific way.  (Fixed by Eric Smith; :issue:`7994`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:828
msgid ""
"The :func:`int` and :func:`!long` types gained a ``bit_length`` method that "
"returns the number of bits necessary to represent its argument in binary::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:832
msgid ""
">>> n = 37\n"
">>> bin(n)\n"
"'0b100101'\n"
">>> n.bit_length()\n"
"6\n"
">>> n = 2**123-1\n"
">>> n.bit_length()\n"
"123\n"
">>> (n+1).bit_length()\n"
"124"
msgstr ""
">>> n = 37\n"
">>> bin(n)\n"
"'0b100101'\n"
">>> n.bit_length()\n"
"6\n"
">>> n = 2**123-1\n"
">>> n.bit_length()\n"
"123\n"
">>> (n+1).bit_length()\n"
"124"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:843
msgid "(Contributed by Fredrik Johansson and Victor Stinner; :issue:`3439`.)"
msgstr "（由 Fredrik Johansson 和 Victor Stinner 貢獻；:issue:`3439`。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:845
msgid ""
"The :keyword:`import` statement will no longer try an absolute import if a "
"relative import (e.g. ``from .os import sep``) fails.  This fixes a bug, but "
"could possibly break certain :keyword:`!import` statements that were only "
"working by accident.  (Fixed by Meador Inge; :issue:`7902`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:851
msgid ""
"It's now possible for a subclass of the built-in :class:`!unicode` type to "
"override the :meth:`!__unicode__` method.  (Implemented by Victor Stinner; :"
"issue:`1583863`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:855
msgid ""
"The :class:`bytearray` type's :meth:`~bytearray.translate` method now "
"accepts ``None`` as its first argument.  (Fixed by Georg Brandl; :issue:"
"`4759`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:861
msgid ""
"When using :class:`@classmethod <classmethod>` and :class:`@staticmethod "
"<staticmethod>` to wrap methods as class or static methods, the wrapper "
"object now exposes the wrapped function as their :attr:`~method.__func__` "
"attribute. (Contributed by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc, after a suggestion by "
"George Sakkis; :issue:`5982`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:869 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2466
msgid ""
"When a restricted set of attributes were set using ``__slots__``, deleting "
"an unset attribute would not raise :exc:`AttributeError` as you would "
"expect.  Fixed by Benjamin Peterson; :issue:`7604`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:873
msgid ""
"Two new encodings are now supported: \"cp720\", used primarily for Arabic "
"text; and \"cp858\", a variant of CP 850 that adds the euro symbol.  (CP720 "
"contributed by Alexander Belchenko and Amaury Forgeot d'Arc in :issue:"
"`1616979`; CP858 contributed by Tim Hatch in :issue:`8016`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:879
msgid ""
"The :class:`!file` object will now set the :attr:`!filename` attribute on "
"the :exc:`IOError` exception when trying to open a directory on POSIX "
"platforms (noted by Jan Kaliszewski; :issue:`4764`), and now explicitly "
"checks for and forbids writing to read-only file objects instead of trusting "
"the C library to catch and report the error (fixed by Stefan Krah; :issue:"
"`5677`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:886
msgid ""
"The Python tokenizer now translates line endings itself, so the :func:"
"`compile` built-in function now accepts code using any line-ending "
"convention.  Additionally, it no longer requires that the code end in a "
"newline."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:891
msgid ""
"Extra parentheses in function definitions are illegal in Python 3.x, meaning "
"that you get a syntax error from ``def f((x)): pass``.  In Python3-warning "
"mode, Python 2.7 will now warn about this odd usage. (Noted by James "
"Lingard; :issue:`7362`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:896
msgid ""
"It's now possible to create weak references to old-style class objects.  New-"
"style classes were always weak-referenceable.  (Fixed by Antoine Pitrou; :"
"issue:`8268`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:900
msgid ""
"When a module object is garbage-collected, the module's dictionary is now "
"only cleared if no one else is holding a reference to the dictionary (:issue:"
"`7140`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:909
msgid "Interpreter Changes"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:911
msgid ""
"A new environment variable, :envvar:`PYTHONWARNINGS`, allows controlling "
"warnings.  It should be set to a string containing warning settings, "
"equivalent to those used with the :option:`-W` switch, separated by commas. "
"(Contributed by Brian Curtin; :issue:`7301`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:917
msgid ""
"For example, the following setting will print warnings every time they "
"occur, but turn warnings from the :mod:`Cookie <http.cookies>` module into "
"an error.  (The exact syntax for setting an environment variable varies "
"across operating systems and shells.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:924
msgid "export PYTHONWARNINGS=all,error:::Cookie:0"
msgstr "export PYTHONWARNINGS=all,error:::Cookie:0"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:930
msgid "Optimizations"
msgstr "最佳化"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:932
msgid "Several performance enhancements have been added:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:934
msgid ""
"A new opcode was added to perform the initial setup for :keyword:`with` "
"statements, looking up the :meth:`~object.__enter__` and :meth:`~object."
"__exit__` methods.  (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:938
msgid ""
"The garbage collector now performs better for one common usage pattern: when "
"many objects are being allocated without deallocating any of them.  This "
"would previously take quadratic time for garbage collection, but now the "
"number of full garbage collections is reduced as the number of objects on "
"the heap grows. The new logic only performs a full garbage collection pass "
"when the middle generation has been collected 10 times and when the number "
"of survivor objects from the middle generation exceeds 10% of the number of "
"objects in the oldest generation.  (Suggested by Martin von Löwis and "
"implemented by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4074`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:949
msgid ""
"The garbage collector tries to avoid tracking simple containers which can't "
"be part of a cycle. In Python 2.7, this is now true for tuples and dicts "
"containing atomic types (such as ints, strings, etc.). Transitively, a dict "
"containing tuples of atomic types won't be tracked either. This helps reduce "
"the cost of each garbage collection by decreasing the number of objects to "
"be considered and traversed by the collector. (Contributed by Antoine "
"Pitrou; :issue:`4688`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:958
msgid ""
"Long integers are now stored internally either in base ``2**15`` or in base "
"``2**30``, the base being determined at build time.  Previously, they were "
"always stored in base ``2**15``.  Using base ``2**30`` gives significant "
"performance improvements on 64-bit machines, but benchmark results on 32-bit "
"machines have been mixed.  Therefore, the default is to use base ``2**30`` "
"on 64-bit machines and base ``2**15`` on 32-bit machines; on Unix, there's a "
"new configure option :option:`!--enable-big-digits` that can be used to "
"override this default."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:967
msgid ""
"Apart from the performance improvements this change should be invisible to "
"end users, with one exception: for testing and debugging purposes there's a "
"new structseq :data:`!sys.long_info` that provides information about the "
"internal format, giving the number of bits per digit and the size in bytes "
"of the C type used to store each digit::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:974
msgid ""
">>> import sys\n"
">>> sys.long_info\n"
"sys.long_info(bits_per_digit=30, sizeof_digit=4)"
msgstr ""
">>> import sys\n"
">>> sys.long_info\n"
"sys.long_info(bits_per_digit=30, sizeof_digit=4)"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:978
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`4258`.)"
msgstr "（由 Mark Dickinson 貢獻；:issue:`4258`。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:980
msgid ""
"Another set of changes made long objects a few bytes smaller: 2 bytes "
"smaller on 32-bit systems and 6 bytes on 64-bit. (Contributed by Mark "
"Dickinson; :issue:`5260`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:984
msgid ""
"The division algorithm for long integers has been made faster by tightening "
"the inner loop, doing shifts instead of multiplications, and fixing an "
"unnecessary extra iteration. Various benchmarks show speedups of between 50% "
"and 150% for long integer divisions and modulo operations. (Contributed by "
"Mark Dickinson; :issue:`5512`.) Bitwise operations are also significantly "
"faster (initial patch by Gregory Smith; :issue:`1087418`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:993
msgid ""
"The implementation of ``%`` checks for the left-side operand being a Python "
"string and special-cases it; this results in a 1--3% performance increase "
"for applications that frequently use ``%`` with strings, such as templating "
"libraries. (Implemented by Collin Winter; :issue:`5176`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:999
msgid ""
"List comprehensions with an ``if`` condition are compiled into faster "
"bytecode.  (Patch by Antoine Pitrou, back-ported to 2.7 by Jeffrey Yasskin; :"
"issue:`4715`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1003
msgid ""
"Converting an integer or long integer to a decimal string was made faster by "
"special-casing base 10 instead of using a generalized conversion function "
"that supports arbitrary bases. (Patch by Gawain Bolton; :issue:`6713`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1008
msgid ""
"The :meth:`!split`, :meth:`!replace`, :meth:`!rindex`, :meth:`!rpartition`, "
"and :meth:`!rsplit` methods of string-like types (strings, Unicode strings, "
"and :class:`bytearray` objects) now use a fast reverse-search algorithm "
"instead of a character-by-character scan.  This is sometimes faster by a "
"factor of 10.  (Added by Florent Xicluna; :issue:`7462` and :issue:`7622`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1015
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pickle` and :mod:`!cPickle` modules now automatically intern the "
"strings used for attribute names, reducing memory usage of the objects "
"resulting from unpickling.  (Contributed by Jake McGuire; :issue:`5084`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1020
msgid ""
"The :mod:`!cPickle` module now special-cases dictionaries, nearly halving "
"the time required to pickle them. (Contributed by Collin Winter; :issue:"
"`5670`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1027
msgid "New and Improved Modules"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1029
msgid ""
"As in every release, Python's standard library received a number of "
"enhancements and bug fixes.  Here's a partial list of the most notable "
"changes, sorted alphabetically by module name. Consult the :file:`Misc/NEWS` "
"file in the source tree for a more complete list of changes, or look through "
"the Subversion logs for all the details."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1035
msgid ""
"The :mod:`bdb` module's base debugging class :class:`~bdb.Bdb` gained a "
"feature for skipping modules.  The constructor now takes an iterable "
"containing glob-style patterns such as ``django.*``; the debugger will not "
"step into stack frames from a module that matches one of these patterns. "
"(Contributed by Maru Newby after a suggestion by Senthil Kumaran; :issue:"
"`5142`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1043
msgid ""
"The :mod:`binascii` module now supports the buffer API, so it can be used "
"with :class:`memoryview` instances and other similar buffer objects. "
"(Backported from 3.x by Florent Xicluna; :issue:`7703`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1047
msgid ""
"Updated module: the :mod:`!bsddb` module has been updated from 4.7.2devel9 "
"to version 4.8.4 of `the pybsddb package <https://www.jcea.es/programacion/"
"pybsddb.htm>`__. The new version features better Python 3.x compatibility, "
"various bug fixes, and adds several new BerkeleyDB flags and methods. "
"(Updated by Jesús Cea Avión; :issue:`8156`.  The pybsddb changelog can be "
"read at https://hg.jcea.es/pybsddb/file/tip/ChangeLog.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1055
msgid ""
"The :mod:`bz2` module's :class:`~bz2.BZ2File` now supports the context "
"management protocol, so you can write ``with bz2.BZ2File(...) as f:``. "
"(Contributed by Hagen Fürstenau; :issue:`3860`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1059
msgid ""
"New class: the :class:`~collections.Counter` class in the :mod:`collections` "
"module is useful for tallying data.  :class:`~collections.Counter` instances "
"behave mostly like dictionaries but return zero for missing keys instead of "
"raising a :exc:`KeyError`:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1064
msgid ""
">>> from collections import Counter\n"
">>> c = Counter()\n"
">>> for letter in 'here is a sample of english text':\n"
"...   c[letter] += 1\n"
"...\n"
">>> c \n"
"Counter({' ': 6, 'e': 5, 's': 3, 'a': 2, 'i': 2, 'h': 2,\n"
"'l': 2, 't': 2, 'g': 1, 'f': 1, 'm': 1, 'o': 1, 'n': 1,\n"
"'p': 1, 'r': 1, 'x': 1})\n"
">>> c['e']\n"
"5\n"
">>> c['z']\n"
"0"
msgstr ""
">>> from collections import Counter\n"
">>> c = Counter()\n"
">>> for letter in 'here is a sample of english text':\n"
"...   c[letter] += 1\n"
"...\n"
">>> c \n"
"Counter({' ': 6, 'e': 5, 's': 3, 'a': 2, 'i': 2, 'h': 2,\n"
"'l': 2, 't': 2, 'g': 1, 'f': 1, 'm': 1, 'o': 1, 'n': 1,\n"
"'p': 1, 'r': 1, 'x': 1})\n"
">>> c['e']\n"
"5\n"
">>> c['z']\n"
"0"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1081
msgid ""
"There are three additional :class:`~collections.Counter` methods. :meth:"
"`~collections.Counter.most_common` returns the N most common elements and "
"their counts.  :meth:`~collections.Counter.elements` returns an iterator "
"over the contained elements, repeating each element as many times as its "
"count. :meth:`~collections.Counter.subtract` takes an iterable and subtracts "
"one for each element instead of adding; if the argument is a dictionary or "
"another :class:`Counter`, the counts are subtracted. ::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1091
msgid ""
">>> c.most_common(5)\n"
"[(' ', 6), ('e', 5), ('s', 3), ('a', 2), ('i', 2)]\n"
">>> c.elements() ->\n"
"   'a', 'a', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ',\n"
"   'e', 'e', 'e', 'e', 'e', 'g', 'f', 'i', 'i',\n"
"   'h', 'h', 'm', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'n', 'p', 's',\n"
"   's', 's', 'r', 't', 't', 'x'\n"
">>> c['e']\n"
"5\n"
">>> c.subtract('very heavy on the letter e')\n"
">>> c['e']    # Count is now lower\n"
"-1"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1104
msgid "Contributed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`1696199`."
msgstr "由 Raymond Hettinger 貢獻；:issue:`1696199`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1108
msgid ""
"New class: :class:`~collections.OrderedDict` is described in the earlier "
"section :ref:`pep-0372`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1111
msgid ""
"New method: The :class:`~collections.deque` data type now has a :meth:"
"`~collections.deque.count` method that returns the number of contained "
"elements equal to the supplied argument *x*, and a :meth:`~collections.deque."
"reverse` method that reverses the elements of the deque in-place.  :class:"
"`~collections.deque` also exposes its maximum length as the read-only :attr:"
"`~collections.deque.maxlen` attribute. (Both features added by Raymond "
"Hettinger.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1119
msgid ""
"The :class:`~collections.namedtuple` class now has an optional *rename* "
"parameter. If *rename* is true, field names that are invalid because they've "
"been repeated or aren't legal Python identifiers will be renamed to legal "
"names that are derived from the field's position within the list of fields:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1130
msgid "(Added by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`1818`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1132
msgid ""
"Finally, the :class:`~collections.abc.Mapping` abstract base class now "
"returns :data:`NotImplemented` if a mapping is compared to another type that "
"isn't a :class:`Mapping`. (Fixed by Daniel Stutzbach; :issue:`8729`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1137
msgid ""
"Constructors for the parsing classes in the :mod:`ConfigParser "
"<configparser>` module now take an *allow_no_value* parameter, defaulting to "
"false; if true, options without values will be allowed.  For example::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1141
msgid ""
">>> import ConfigParser, StringIO\n"
">>> sample_config = \"\"\"\n"
"... [mysqld]\n"
"... user = mysql\n"
"... pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid\n"
"... skip-bdb\n"
"... \"\"\"\n"
">>> config = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser(allow_no_value=True)\n"
">>> config.readfp(StringIO.StringIO(sample_config))\n"
">>> config.get('mysqld', 'user')\n"
"'mysql'\n"
">>> print config.get('mysqld', 'skip-bdb')\n"
"None\n"
">>> print config.get('mysqld', 'unknown')\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"NoOptionError: No option 'unknown' in section: 'mysqld'"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1159
msgid "(Contributed by Mats Kindahl; :issue:`7005`.)"
msgstr "（由 Mats Kindahl 貢獻；:issue:`7005`。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1161
msgid ""
"Deprecated function: :func:`!contextlib.nested`, which allows handling more "
"than one context manager with a single :keyword:`with` statement, has been "
"deprecated, because the :keyword:`!with` statement now supports multiple "
"context managers."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1166
msgid ""
"The :mod:`cookielib <http.cookiejar>` module now ignores cookies that have "
"an invalid version field, one that doesn't contain an integer value.  (Fixed "
"by John J. Lee; :issue:`3924`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1170
msgid ""
"The :mod:`copy` module's :func:`~copy.deepcopy` function will now correctly "
"copy bound instance methods.  (Implemented by Robert Collins; :issue:`1515`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1174
msgid ""
"The :mod:`ctypes` module now always converts ``None`` to a C ``NULL`` "
"pointer for arguments declared as pointers.  (Changed by Thomas Heller; :"
"issue:`4606`.)  The underlying `libffi library <https://sourceware.org/"
"libffi/>`__ has been updated to version 3.0.9, containing various fixes for "
"different platforms.  (Updated by Matthias Klose; :issue:`8142`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1181
msgid ""
"New method: the :mod:`datetime` module's :class:`~datetime.timedelta` class "
"gained a :meth:`~datetime.timedelta.total_seconds` method that returns the "
"number of seconds in the duration.  (Contributed by Brian Quinlan; :issue:"
"`5788`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1185
msgid ""
"New method: the :class:`~decimal.Decimal` class gained a :meth:`~decimal."
"Decimal.from_float` class method that performs an exact conversion of a "
"floating-point number to a :class:`!Decimal`. This exact conversion strives "
"for the closest decimal approximation to the floating-point representation's "
"value; the resulting decimal value will therefore still include the "
"inaccuracy, if any. For example, ``Decimal.from_float(0.1)`` returns "
"``Decimal('0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625')``. "
"(Implemented by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`4796`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1196
msgid ""
"Comparing instances of :class:`~decimal.Decimal` with floating-point numbers "
"now produces sensible results based on the numeric values of the operands.  "
"Previously such comparisons would fall back to Python's default rules for "
"comparing objects, which produced arbitrary results based on their type.  "
"Note that you still cannot combine :class:`!Decimal` and floating point in "
"other operations such as addition, since you should be explicitly choosing "
"how to convert between float and :class:`!Decimal`.  (Fixed by Mark "
"Dickinson; :issue:`2531`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1205
msgid ""
"The constructor for :class:`~decimal.Decimal` now accepts floating-point "
"numbers (added by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`8257`) and non-European Unicode "
"characters such as Arabic-Indic digits (contributed by Mark Dickinson; :"
"issue:`6595`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1210
msgid ""
"Most of the methods of the :class:`~decimal.Context` class now accept "
"integers as well as :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances; the only exceptions "
"are the :meth:`~decimal.Context.canonical` and :meth:`~decimal.Context."
"is_canonical` methods.  (Patch by Juan José Conti; :issue:`7633`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1215
msgid ""
"When using :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances with a string's :meth:`~str."
"format` method, the default alignment was previously left-alignment.  This "
"has been changed to right-alignment, which is more sensible for numeric "
"types.  (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6857`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1220 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2484
msgid ""
"Comparisons involving a signaling NaN value (or ``sNAN``) now signal :const:"
"`~decimal.InvalidOperation` instead of silently returning a true or false "
"value depending on the comparison operator.  Quiet NaN values (or ``NaN``) "
"are now hashable.  (Fixed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`7279`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1226
msgid ""
"The :mod:`difflib` module now produces output that is more compatible with "
"modern :command:`diff`/:command:`patch` tools through one small change, "
"using a tab character instead of spaces as a separator in the header giving "
"the filename.  (Fixed by Anatoly Techtonik; :issue:`7585`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1232
msgid ""
"The Distutils ``sdist`` command now always regenerates the :file:`MANIFEST` "
"file, since even if the :file:`MANIFEST.in` or :file:`setup.py` files "
"haven't been modified, the user might have created some new files that "
"should be included. (Fixed by Tarek Ziadé; :issue:`8688`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1238
msgid ""
"The :mod:`doctest` module's :const:`~doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL` flag "
"will now ignore the name of the module containing the exception being "
"tested.  (Patch by Lennart Regebro; :issue:`7490`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1242
msgid ""
"The :mod:`email` module's :class:`~email.message.Message` class will now "
"accept a Unicode-valued payload, automatically converting the payload to the "
"encoding specified by :attr:`!output_charset`. (Added by R. David Murray; :"
"issue:`1368247`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1247
msgid ""
"The :class:`~fractions.Fraction` class now accepts a single float or :class:"
"`~decimal.Decimal` instance, or two rational numbers, as arguments to its "
"constructor.  (Implemented by Mark Dickinson; rationals added in :issue:"
"`5812`, and float/decimal in :issue:`8294`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1253
msgid ""
"Ordering comparisons (``<``, ``<=``, ``>``, ``>=``) between fractions and "
"complex numbers now raise a :exc:`TypeError`. This fixes an oversight, "
"making the :class:`~fractions.Fraction` match the other numeric types."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1260
msgid ""
"New class: :class:`~ftplib.FTP_TLS` in the :mod:`ftplib` module provides "
"secure FTP connections using TLS encapsulation of authentication as well as "
"subsequent control and data transfers. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola; :"
"issue:`2054`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1266
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~ftplib.FTP.storbinary` method for binary uploads can now restart "
"uploads thanks to an added *rest* parameter (patch by Pablo Mouzo; :issue:"
"`6845`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1270
msgid ""
"New class decorator: :func:`~functools.total_ordering` in the :mod:"
"`functools` module takes a class that defines an :meth:`~object.__eq__` "
"method and one of :meth:`~object.__lt__`, :meth:`~object.__le__`, :meth:"
"`~object.__gt__`, or :meth:`~object.__ge__`, and generates the missing "
"comparison methods.  Since the :meth:`!__cmp__` method is being deprecated "
"in Python 3.x, this decorator makes it easier to define ordered classes. "
"(Added by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`5479`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1278
msgid ""
"New function: :func:`~functools.cmp_to_key` will take an old-style "
"comparison function that expects two arguments and return a new callable "
"that can be used as the *key* parameter to functions such as :func:"
"`sorted`, :func:`min` and :func:`max`, etc.  The primary intended use is to "
"help with making code compatible with Python 3.x. (Added by Raymond "
"Hettinger.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1285
msgid ""
"New function: the :mod:`gc` module's :func:`~gc.is_tracked` returns true if "
"a given instance is tracked by the garbage collector, false otherwise. "
"(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4688`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1289
msgid ""
"The :mod:`gzip` module's :class:`~gzip.GzipFile` now supports the context "
"management protocol, so you can write ``with gzip.GzipFile(...) as f:`` "
"(contributed by Hagen Fürstenau; :issue:`3860`), and it now implements the :"
"class:`io.BufferedIOBase` ABC, so you can wrap it with :class:`io."
"BufferedReader` for faster processing (contributed by Nir Aides; :issue:"
"`7471`). It's also now possible to override the modification time recorded "
"in a gzipped file by providing an optional timestamp to the constructor.  "
"(Contributed by Jacques Frechet; :issue:`4272`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1299
msgid ""
"Files in gzip format can be padded with trailing zero bytes; the :mod:`gzip` "
"module will now consume these trailing bytes.  (Fixed by Tadek Pietraszek "
"and Brian Curtin; :issue:`2846`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1303
msgid ""
"New attribute: the :mod:`hashlib` module now has an :attr:`!algorithms` "
"attribute containing a tuple naming the supported algorithms. In Python 2.7, "
"``hashlib.algorithms`` contains ``('md5', 'sha1', 'sha224', 'sha256', "
"'sha384', 'sha512')``. (Contributed by Carl Chenet; :issue:`7418`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1309
msgid ""
"The default :class:`~http.client.HTTPResponse` class used by the :mod:"
"`httplib <http>` module now supports buffering, resulting in much faster "
"reading of HTTP responses. (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:"
"`4879`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1313
msgid ""
"The :class:`~http.client.HTTPConnection` and :class:`~http.client."
"HTTPSConnection` classes now support a *source_address* parameter, a "
"``(host, port)`` 2-tuple giving the source address that will be used for the "
"connection. (Contributed by Eldon Ziegler; :issue:`3972`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1318
msgid ""
"The :mod:`!ihooks` module now supports relative imports.  Note that :mod:`!"
"ihooks` is an older module for customizing imports, superseded by the :mod:`!"
"imputil` module added in Python 2.0. (Relative import support added by Neil "
"Schemenauer.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1325
msgid ""
"The :mod:`imaplib` module now supports IPv6 addresses. (Contributed by Derek "
"Morr; :issue:`1655`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1328
msgid ""
"New function: the :mod:`inspect` module's :func:`~inspect.getcallargs` takes "
"a callable and its positional and keyword arguments, and figures out which "
"of the callable's parameters will receive each argument, returning a "
"dictionary mapping argument names to their values.  For example::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1333
msgid ""
">>> from inspect import getcallargs\n"
">>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named):\n"
"...     pass\n"
"...\n"
">>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3)\n"
"{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,), 'named': {}}\n"
">>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4)\n"
"{'a': 2, 'b': 1, 'pos': (), 'named': {'x': 4}}\n"
">>> getcallargs(f)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"...\n"
"TypeError: f() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1346
msgid "Contributed by George Sakkis; :issue:`3135`."
msgstr "由 George Sakkis 貢獻；:issue:`3135`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1348
msgid ""
"Updated module: The :mod:`io` library has been upgraded to the version "
"shipped with Python 3.1.  For 3.1, the I/O library was entirely rewritten in "
"C and is 2 to 20 times faster depending on the task being performed.  The "
"original Python version was renamed to the :mod:`!_pyio` module."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1353
msgid ""
"One minor resulting change: the :class:`io.TextIOBase` class now has an :"
"attr:`~io.TextIOBase.errors` attribute giving the error setting used for "
"encoding and decoding errors (one of ``'strict'``, ``'replace'``, "
"``'ignore'``)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1358
msgid ""
"The :class:`io.FileIO` class now raises an :exc:`OSError` when passed an "
"invalid file descriptor.  (Implemented by Benjamin Peterson; :issue:"
"`4991`.)  The :meth:`~io.IOBase.truncate` method now preserves the file "
"position; previously it would change the file position to the end of the new "
"file.  (Fixed by Pascal Chambon; :issue:`6939`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1364
msgid ""
"New function: ``itertools.compress(data, selectors)`` takes two iterators.  "
"Elements of *data* are returned if the corresponding value in *selectors* is "
"true::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1368
msgid ""
"itertools.compress('ABCDEF', [1,0,1,0,1,1]) =>\n"
"  A, C, E, F"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1373
msgid ""
"New function: ``itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iter, r)`` returns "
"all the possible *r*-length combinations of elements from the iterable "
"*iter*.  Unlike :func:`~itertools.combinations`, individual elements can be "
"repeated in the generated combinations::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1378
msgid ""
"itertools.combinations_with_replacement('abc', 2) =>\n"
"  ('a', 'a'), ('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c'),\n"
"  ('b', 'b'), ('b', 'c'), ('c', 'c')"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1382
msgid ""
"Note that elements are treated as unique depending on their position in the "
"input, not their actual values."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1385
msgid ""
"The :func:`itertools.count` function now has a *step* argument that allows "
"incrementing by values other than 1.  :func:`~itertools.count` also now "
"allows keyword arguments, and using non-integer values such as floats or :"
"class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances.  (Implemented by Raymond Hettinger; :"
"issue:`5032`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1391
msgid ""
":func:`itertools.combinations` and :func:`itertools.product` previously "
"raised :exc:`ValueError` for values of *r* larger than the input iterable.  "
"This was deemed a specification error, so they now return an empty "
"iterator.  (Fixed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`4816`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1396
msgid ""
"Updated module: The :mod:`json` module was upgraded to version 2.0.9 of the "
"simplejson package, which includes a C extension that makes encoding and "
"decoding faster. (Contributed by Bob Ippolito; :issue:`4136`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1401
msgid ""
"To support the new :class:`collections.OrderedDict` type, :func:`json.load` "
"now has an optional *object_pairs_hook* parameter that will be called with "
"any object literal that decodes to a list of pairs. (Contributed by Raymond "
"Hettinger; :issue:`5381`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1406
msgid ""
"The :mod:`mailbox` module's :class:`~mailbox.Maildir` class now records the "
"timestamp on the directories it reads, and only re-reads them if the "
"modification time has subsequently changed.  This improves performance by "
"avoiding unneeded directory scans.  (Fixed by A.M. Kuchling and Antoine "
"Pitrou; :issue:`1607951`, :issue:`6896`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1412
msgid ""
"New functions: the :mod:`math` module gained :func:`~math.erf` and :func:"
"`~math.erfc` for the error function and the complementary error function, :"
"func:`~math.expm1` which computes ``e**x - 1`` with more precision than "
"using :func:`~math.exp` and subtracting 1, :func:`~math.gamma` for the Gamma "
"function, and :func:`~math.lgamma` for the natural log of the Gamma "
"function. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson and nirinA raseliarison; :issue:"
"`3366`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1420
msgid ""
"The :mod:`multiprocessing` module's :class:`!Manager*` classes can now be "
"passed a callable that will be called whenever a subprocess is started, "
"along with a set of arguments that will be passed to the callable. "
"(Contributed by lekma; :issue:`5585`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1426
msgid ""
"The :class:`~multiprocessing.pool.Pool` class, which controls a pool of "
"worker processes, now has an optional *maxtasksperchild* parameter.  Worker "
"processes will perform the specified number of tasks and then exit, causing "
"the :class:`!Pool` to start a new worker.  This is useful if tasks may leak "
"memory or other resources, or if some tasks will cause the worker to become "
"very large. (Contributed by Charles Cazabon; :issue:`6963`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1434
msgid ""
"The :mod:`!nntplib` module now supports IPv6 addresses. (Contributed by "
"Derek Morr; :issue:`1664`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1437
msgid ""
"New functions: the :mod:`os` module wraps the following POSIX system calls: :"
"func:`~os.getresgid` and :func:`~os.getresuid`, which return the real, "
"effective, and saved GIDs and UIDs; :func:`~os.setresgid` and :func:`~os."
"setresuid`, which set real, effective, and saved GIDs and UIDs to new "
"values; :func:`~os.initgroups`, which initialize the group access list for "
"the current process.  (GID/UID functions contributed by Travis H.; :issue:"
"`6508`.  Support for initgroups added by Jean-Paul Calderone; :issue:`7333`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1447
msgid ""
"The :func:`os.fork` function now re-initializes the import lock in the child "
"process; this fixes problems on Solaris when :func:`~os.fork` is called from "
"a thread.  (Fixed by Zsolt Cserna; :issue:`7242`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1451
msgid ""
"In the :mod:`os.path` module, the :func:`~os.path.normpath` and :func:`~os."
"path.abspath` functions now preserve Unicode; if their input path is a "
"Unicode string, the return value is also a Unicode string. (:meth:`~os.path."
"normpath` fixed by Matt Giuca in :issue:`5827`; :meth:`~os.path.abspath` "
"fixed by Ezio Melotti in :issue:`3426`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1457
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pydoc` module now has help for the various symbols that Python "
"uses.  You can now do ``help('<<')`` or ``help('@')``, for example. "
"(Contributed by David Laban; :issue:`4739`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1461
msgid ""
"The :mod:`re` module's :func:`~re.split`, :func:`~re.sub`, and :func:`~re."
"subn` now accept an optional *flags* argument, for consistency with the "
"other functions in the module.  (Added by Gregory P. Smith.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1465
msgid ""
"New function: :func:`~runpy.run_path` in the :mod:`runpy` module will "
"execute the code at a provided *path* argument.  *path* can be the path of a "
"Python source file (:file:`example.py`), a compiled bytecode file (:file:"
"`example.pyc`), a directory (:file:`./package/`), or a zip archive (:file:"
"`example.zip`).  If a directory or zip path is provided, it will be added to "
"the front of ``sys.path`` and the module :mod:`__main__` will be imported.  "
"It's expected that the directory or zip contains a :file:`__main__.py`; if "
"it doesn't, some other :file:`__main__.py` might be imported from a location "
"later in ``sys.path``.  This makes more of the machinery of :mod:`runpy` "
"available to scripts that want to mimic the way Python's command line "
"processes an explicit path name. (Added by Nick Coghlan; :issue:`6816`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1479
msgid ""
"New function: in the :mod:`shutil` module, :func:`~shutil.make_archive` "
"takes a filename, archive type (zip or tar-format), and a directory path, "
"and creates an archive containing the directory's contents. (Added by Tarek "
"Ziadé.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1484
msgid ""
":mod:`shutil`'s :func:`~shutil.copyfile` and :func:`~shutil.copytree` "
"functions now raise a :exc:`~shutil.SpecialFileError` exception when asked "
"to copy a named pipe.  Previously the code would treat named pipes like a "
"regular file by opening them for reading, and this would block "
"indefinitely.  (Fixed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`3002`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1490
msgid ""
"The :mod:`signal` module no longer re-installs the signal handler unless "
"this is truly necessary, which fixes a bug that could make it impossible to "
"catch the EINTR signal robustly.  (Fixed by Charles-Francois Natali; :issue:"
"`8354`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1495
msgid ""
"New functions: in the :mod:`site` module, three new functions return various "
"site- and user-specific paths. :func:`~site.getsitepackages` returns a list "
"containing all global site-packages directories, :func:`~site."
"getusersitepackages` returns the path of the user's site-packages directory, "
"and :func:`~site.getuserbase` returns the value of the :data:`~site."
"USER_BASE` environment variable, giving the path to a directory that can be "
"used to store data. (Contributed by Tarek Ziadé; :issue:`6693`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1506
msgid ""
"The :mod:`site` module now reports exceptions occurring when the :mod:"
"`sitecustomize` module is imported, and will no longer catch and swallow "
"the :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception.  (Fixed by Victor Stinner; :issue:"
"`3137`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1511
msgid ""
"The :func:`~socket.create_connection` function gained a *source_address* "
"parameter, a ``(host, port)`` 2-tuple giving the source address that will be "
"used for the connection. (Contributed by Eldon Ziegler; :issue:`3972`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1516
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~socket.socket.recv_into` and :meth:`~socket.socket."
"recvfrom_into` methods will now write into objects that support the buffer "
"API, most usefully the :class:`bytearray` and :class:`memoryview` objects.  "
"(Implemented by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8104`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1521
msgid ""
"The :mod:`SocketServer <socketserver>` module's :class:`~socketserver."
"TCPServer` class now supports socket timeouts and disabling the Nagle "
"algorithm. The :attr:`!disable_nagle_algorithm` class attribute defaults to "
"``False``; if overridden to be true, new request connections will have the "
"TCP_NODELAY option set to prevent buffering many small sends into a single "
"TCP packet. The :attr:`~socketserver.BaseServer.timeout` class attribute can "
"hold a timeout in seconds that will be applied to the request socket; if no "
"request is received within that time, :meth:`~socketserver.BaseServer."
"handle_timeout` will be called and :meth:`~socketserver.BaseServer."
"handle_request` will return. (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:"
"`6192` and :issue:`6267`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1533
msgid ""
"Updated module: the :mod:`sqlite3` module has been updated to version 2.6.0 "
"of the `pysqlite package <https://github.com/ghaering/pysqlite>`__. Version "
"2.6.0 includes a number of bugfixes, and adds the ability to load SQLite "
"extensions from shared libraries. Call the ``enable_load_extension(True)`` "
"method to enable extensions, and then call :meth:`~sqlite3.Connection."
"load_extension` to load a particular shared library. (Updated by Gerhard "
"Häring.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1540
msgid ""
"The :mod:`ssl` module's :class:`~ssl.SSLSocket` objects now support the "
"buffer API, which fixed a test suite failure (fix by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:"
"`7133`) and automatically set OpenSSL's :c:macro:`!SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY`, "
"which will prevent an error code being returned from :meth:`recv` operations "
"that trigger an SSL renegotiation (fix by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8222`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1547
msgid ""
"The :func:`~ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket` constructor function now takes a "
"*ciphers* argument that's a string listing the encryption algorithms to be "
"allowed; the format of the string is described `in the OpenSSL documentation "
"<https://docs.openssl.org/1.0.2/man1/ciphers/>`__. (Added by Antoine "
"Pitrou; :issue:`8322`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1554
msgid ""
"Another change makes the extension load all of OpenSSL's ciphers and digest "
"algorithms so that they're all available.  Some SSL certificates couldn't be "
"verified, reporting an \"unknown algorithm\" error.  (Reported by Beda "
"Kosata, and fixed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8484`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1560
msgid ""
"The version of OpenSSL being used is now available as the module attributes :"
"const:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION` (a string), :const:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO` (a "
"5-tuple), and :const:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER` (an integer).  (Added by "
"Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8321`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1566
msgid ""
"The :mod:`struct` module will no longer silently ignore overflow errors when "
"a value is too large for a particular integer format code (one of "
"``bBhHiIlLqQ``); it now always raises a :exc:`struct.error` exception.  "
"(Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`1523`.)  The :func:`~struct.pack` "
"function will also attempt to use :meth:`~object.__index__` to convert and "
"pack non-integers before trying the :meth:`~object.__int__` method or "
"reporting an error. (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`8300`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1575
msgid ""
"New function: the :mod:`subprocess` module's :func:`~subprocess."
"check_output` runs a command with a specified set of arguments and returns "
"the command's output as a string when the command runs without error, or "
"raises a :exc:`~subprocess.CalledProcessError` exception otherwise."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1582
msgid ""
">>> subprocess.check_output(['df', '-h', '.'])\n"
"'Filesystem     Size   Used  Avail Capacity  Mounted on\\n\n"
"/dev/disk0s2    52G    49G   3.0G    94%    /\\n'\n"
"\n"
">>> subprocess.check_output(['df', '-h', '/bogus'])\n"
"  ...\n"
"subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command '['df', '-h', '/bogus']' returned non-"
"zero exit status 1"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1590
msgid "(Contributed by Gregory P. Smith.)"
msgstr "（由 Gregory P. Smith 所貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1592
msgid ""
"The :mod:`subprocess` module will now retry its internal system calls on "
"receiving an :const:`~errno.EINTR` signal.  (Reported by several people; "
"final patch by Gregory P. Smith in :issue:`1068268`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1596
msgid ""
"New function: :func:`~symtable.Symbol.is_declared_global` in the :mod:"
"`symtable` module returns true for variables that are explicitly declared to "
"be global, false for ones that are implicitly global. (Contributed by Jeremy "
"Hylton.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1601 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2500
msgid ""
"The :mod:`syslog` module will now use the value of ``sys.argv[0]`` as the "
"identifier instead of the previous default value of ``'python'``. (Changed "
"by Sean Reifschneider; :issue:`8451`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1605
msgid ""
"The :data:`sys.version_info` value is now a named tuple, with attributes "
"named :attr:`!major`, :attr:`!minor`, :attr:`!micro`, :attr:`!releaselevel`, "
"and :attr:`!serial`.  (Contributed by Ross Light; :issue:`4285`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1610
msgid ""
":func:`sys.getwindowsversion` also returns a named tuple, with attributes "
"named :attr:`!major`, :attr:`!minor`, :attr:`!build`, :attr:`!platform`, :"
"attr:`!service_pack`, :attr:`!service_pack_major`, :attr:`!"
"service_pack_minor`, :attr:`!suite_mask`, and :attr:`!product_type`.  "
"(Contributed by Brian Curtin; :issue:`7766`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1616 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2504
msgid ""
"The :mod:`tarfile` module's default error handling has changed, to no longer "
"suppress fatal errors.  The default error level was previously 0, which "
"meant that errors would only result in a message being written to the debug "
"log, but because the debug log is not activated by default, these errors go "
"unnoticed.  The default error level is now 1, which raises an exception if "
"there's an error. (Changed by Lars Gustäbel; :issue:`7357`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1624
msgid ""
":mod:`tarfile` now supports filtering the :class:`~tarfile.TarInfo` objects "
"being added to a tar file.  When you call :meth:`~tarfile.TarFile.add`, you "
"may supply an optional *filter* argument that's a callable.  The *filter* "
"callable will be passed the :class:`~tarfile.TarInfo` for every file being "
"added, and can modify and return it. If the callable returns ``None``, the "
"file will be excluded from the resulting archive.  This is more powerful "
"than the existing *exclude* argument, which has therefore been deprecated. "
"(Added by Lars Gustäbel; :issue:`6856`.) The :class:`~tarfile.TarFile` class "
"also now supports the context management protocol. (Added by Lars Gustäbel; :"
"issue:`7232`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1636
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~threading.Event.wait` method of the :class:`threading.Event` "
"class now returns the internal flag on exit.  This means the method will "
"usually return true because :meth:`~threading.Event.wait` is supposed to "
"block until the internal flag becomes true.  The return value will only be "
"false if a timeout was provided and the operation timed out. (Contributed by "
"Tim Lesher; :issue:`1674032`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1643
msgid ""
"The Unicode database provided by the :mod:`unicodedata` module is now used "
"internally to determine which characters are numeric, whitespace, or "
"represent line breaks.  The database also includes information from the :"
"file:`Unihan.txt` data file (patch by Anders Chrigström and Amaury Forgeot "
"d'Arc; :issue:`1571184`) and has been updated to version 5.2.0 (updated by "
"Florent Xicluna; :issue:`8024`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1651 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2512
msgid ""
"The :mod:`urlparse <urllib.parse>` module's :func:`~urllib.parse.urlsplit` "
"now handles unknown URL schemes in a fashion compliant with :rfc:`3986`: if "
"the URL is of the form ``\"<something>://...\"``, the text before the ``://"
"`` is treated as the scheme, even if it's a made-up scheme that the module "
"doesn't know about.  This change may break code that worked around the old "
"behaviour.  For example, Python 2.6.4 or 2.5 will return the following:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1659 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2520
msgid ""
">>> import urlparse\n"
">>> urlparse.urlsplit('invented://host/filename?query')\n"
"('invented', '', '//host/filename?query', '', '')"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1666 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2527
msgid "Python 2.7 (and Python 2.6.5) will return:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1668 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2529
msgid ""
">>> import urlparse\n"
">>> urlparse.urlsplit('invented://host/filename?query')\n"
"('invented', 'host', '/filename?query', '', '')"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1675 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2536
msgid ""
"(Python 2.7 actually produces slightly different output, since it returns a "
"named tuple instead of a standard tuple.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1678
msgid ""
"The :mod:`urlparse <urllib.parse>` module also supports IPv6 literal "
"addresses as defined by :rfc:`2732` (contributed by Senthil Kumaran; :issue:"
"`2987`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1681
msgid ""
">>> urlparse.urlparse('http://[1080::8:800:200C:417A]/foo')\n"
"ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='[1080::8:800:200C:417A]',\n"
"            path='/foo', params='', query='', fragment='')"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1688
msgid ""
"New class: the :class:`~weakref.WeakSet` class in the :mod:`weakref` module "
"is a set that only holds weak references to its elements; elements will be "
"removed once there are no references pointing to them. (Originally "
"implemented in Python 3.x by Raymond Hettinger, and backported to 2.7 by "
"Michael Foord.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1694
msgid ""
"The :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` library, no longer escapes ampersands and "
"angle brackets when outputting an XML processing instruction (which looks "
"like ``<?xml-stylesheet href=\"#style1\"?>``) or comment (which looks like "
"``<!-- comment -->``). (Patch by Neil Muller; :issue:`2746`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1700
msgid ""
"The XML-RPC client and server, provided by the :mod:`xmlrpclib <xmlrpc."
"client>` and :mod:`SimpleXMLRPCServer <xmlrpc.server>` modules, have "
"improved performance by supporting HTTP/1.1 keep-alive and by optionally "
"using gzip encoding to compress the XML being exchanged.  The gzip "
"compression is controlled by the :attr:`!encode_threshold` attribute of :"
"class:`~xmlrpc.server.SimpleXMLRPCRequestHandler`, which contains a size in "
"bytes; responses larger than this will be compressed. (Contributed by "
"Kristján Valur Jónsson; :issue:`6267`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1709
msgid ""
"The :mod:`zipfile` module's :class:`~zipfile.ZipFile` now supports the "
"context management protocol, so you can write ``with zipfile.ZipFile(...) as "
"f:``. (Contributed by Brian Curtin; :issue:`5511`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1713
msgid ""
":mod:`zipfile` now also supports archiving empty directories and extracts "
"them correctly.  (Fixed by Kuba Wieczorek; :issue:`4710`.) Reading files out "
"of an archive is faster, and interleaving :meth:`read() <io.BufferedIOBase."
"read>` and :meth:`readline() <io.IOBase.readline>` now works correctly. "
"(Contributed by Nir Aides; :issue:`7610`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1720
msgid ""
"The :func:`~zipfile.is_zipfile` function now accepts a file object, in "
"addition to the path names accepted in earlier versions.  (Contributed by "
"Gabriel Genellina; :issue:`4756`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1724
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~zipfile.ZipFile.writestr` method now has an optional "
"*compress_type* parameter that lets you override the default compression "
"method specified in the :class:`~zipfile.ZipFile` constructor.  (Contributed "
"by Ronald Oussoren; :issue:`6003`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1737
msgid "New module: importlib"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1739
msgid ""
"Python 3.1 includes the :mod:`importlib` package, a re-implementation of the "
"logic underlying Python's :keyword:`import` statement. :mod:`importlib` is "
"useful for implementers of Python interpreters and to users who wish to "
"write new importers that can participate in the import process.  Python 2.7 "
"doesn't contain the complete :mod:`importlib` package, but instead has a "
"tiny subset that contains a single function, :func:`~importlib."
"import_module`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1747
msgid ""
"``import_module(name, package=None)`` imports a module.  *name* is a string "
"containing the module or package's name.  It's possible to do relative "
"imports by providing a string that begins with a ``.`` character, such as "
"``..utils.errors``.  For relative imports, the *package* argument must be "
"provided and is the name of the package that will be used as the anchor for "
"the relative import.  :func:`~importlib.import_module` both inserts the "
"imported module into ``sys.modules`` and returns the module object."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1756
msgid "Here are some examples::"
msgstr "以下是一些範例： ::"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1758
msgid ""
">>> from importlib import import_module\n"
">>> anydbm = import_module('anydbm')  # Standard absolute import\n"
">>> anydbm\n"
"<module 'anydbm' from '/p/python/Lib/anydbm.py'>\n"
">>> # Relative import\n"
">>> file_util = import_module('..file_util', 'distutils.command')\n"
">>> file_util\n"
"<module 'distutils.file_util' from '/python/Lib/distutils/file_util.pyc'>"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1767
msgid ""
":mod:`importlib` was implemented by Brett Cannon and introduced in Python "
"3.1."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1772
msgid "New module: sysconfig"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1774
msgid ""
"The :mod:`sysconfig` module has been pulled out of the Distutils package, "
"becoming a new top-level module in its own right. :mod:`sysconfig` provides "
"functions for getting information about Python's build process: compiler "
"switches, installation paths, the platform name, and whether Python is "
"running from its source directory."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1781
msgid "Some of the functions in the module are:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1783
msgid ""
":func:`~sysconfig.get_config_var` returns variables from Python's Makefile "
"and the :file:`pyconfig.h` file."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1785
msgid ""
":func:`~sysconfig.get_config_vars` returns a dictionary containing all of "
"the configuration variables."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1787
msgid ""
":func:`~sysconfig.get_path` returns the configured path for a particular "
"type of module: the standard library, site-specific modules, platform-"
"specific modules, etc."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1790
msgid ""
":func:`~sysconfig.is_python_build` returns true if you're running a binary "
"from a Python source tree, and false otherwise."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1793
msgid ""
"Consult the :mod:`sysconfig` documentation for more details and for a "
"complete list of functions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1796
msgid ""
"The Distutils package and :mod:`sysconfig` are now maintained by Tarek "
"Ziadé, who has also started a Distutils2 package (source repository at "
"https://hg.python.org/distutils2/) for developing a next-generation version "
"of Distutils."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1803
msgid "ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1805
msgid ""
"Tcl/Tk 8.5 includes a set of themed widgets that re-implement basic Tk "
"widgets but have a more customizable appearance and can therefore more "
"closely resemble the native platform's widgets.  This widget set was "
"originally called Tile, but was renamed to Ttk (for \"themed Tk\") on being "
"added to Tcl/Tck release 8.5."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1811
msgid ""
"To learn more, read the :mod:`~tkinter.ttk` module documentation.  You may "
"also wish to read the Tcl/Tk manual page describing the Ttk theme engine, "
"available at https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.html. Some "
"screenshots of the Python/Ttk code in use are at https://code.google.com/"
"archive/p/python-ttk/wikis/Screenshots.wiki."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1818
msgid ""
"The :mod:`tkinter.ttk` module was written by Guilherme Polo and added in :"
"issue:`2983`.  An alternate version called ``Tile.py``, written by Martin "
"Franklin and maintained by Kevin Walzer, was proposed for inclusion in :"
"issue:`2618`, but the authors argued that Guilherme Polo's work was more "
"comprehensive."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1828
msgid "Updated module: unittest"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1830
msgid ""
"The :mod:`unittest` module was greatly enhanced; many new features were "
"added.  Most of these features were implemented by Michael Foord, unless "
"otherwise noted.  The enhanced version of the module is downloadable "
"separately for use with Python versions 2.4 to 2.6, packaged as the :mod:`!"
"unittest2` package, from :pypi:`unittest2`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1836
msgid ""
"When used from the command line, the module can automatically discover "
"tests.  It's not as fancy as `py.test <https://pytest.org>`__ or `nose "
"<https://nose.readthedocs.io/>`__, but provides a simple way to run tests "
"kept within a set of package directories.  For example, the following "
"command will search the :file:`test/` subdirectory for any importable test "
"files named ``test*.py``::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1843
msgid "python -m unittest discover -s test"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1845
msgid ""
"Consult the :mod:`unittest` module documentation for more details. "
"(Developed in :issue:`6001`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1848
msgid "The :func:`~unittest.main` function supports some other new options:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1850
msgid ""
":option:`-b <unittest -b>` or :option:`!--buffer` will buffer the standard "
"output and standard error streams during each test.  If the test passes, any "
"resulting output will be discarded; on failure, the buffered output will be "
"displayed."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1855
msgid ""
":option:`-c <unittest -c>` or :option:`!--catch` will cause the control-C "
"interrupt to be handled more gracefully.  Instead of interrupting the test "
"process immediately, the currently running test will be completed and then "
"the partial results up to the interruption will be reported. If you're "
"impatient, a second press of control-C will cause an immediate interruption."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1862
msgid ""
"This control-C handler tries to avoid causing problems when the code being "
"tested or the tests being run have defined a signal handler of their own, by "
"noticing that a signal handler was already set and calling it.  If this "
"doesn't work for you, there's a :func:`~unittest.removeHandler` decorator "
"that can be used to mark tests that should have the control-C handling "
"disabled."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1869
msgid ""
":option:`-f <unittest -f>` or :option:`!--failfast` makes test execution "
"stop immediately when a test fails instead of continuing to execute further "
"tests.  (Suggested by Cliff Dyer and implemented by Michael Foord; :issue:"
"`8074`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1874
msgid ""
"The progress messages now show 'x' for expected failures and 'u' for "
"unexpected successes when run in verbose mode. (Contributed by Benjamin "
"Peterson.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1878
msgid ""
"Test cases can raise the :exc:`~unittest.SkipTest` exception to skip a test "
"(:issue:`1034053`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1881
msgid ""
"The error messages for :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertEqual`, :meth:"
"`~unittest.TestCase.assertTrue`, and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertFalse` "
"failures now provide more information.  If you set the :attr:`~unittest."
"TestCase.longMessage` attribute of your :class:`~unittest.TestCase` classes "
"to true, both the standard error message and any additional message you "
"provide will be printed for failures.  (Added by Michael Foord; :issue:"
"`5663`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1888
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertRaises` method now returns a context "
"handler when called without providing a callable object to run.  For "
"example, you can write this::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1892
msgid ""
"with self.assertRaises(KeyError):\n"
"    {}['foo']"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1895
msgid "(Implemented by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4444`.)"
msgstr "（由 Antoine Pitrou 實作；:issue:`4444`。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1899
msgid ""
"Module- and class-level setup and teardown fixtures are now supported. "
"Modules can contain :func:`~unittest.setUpModule` and :func:`~unittest."
"tearDownModule` functions.  Classes can have :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"setUpClass` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.tearDownClass` methods that must "
"be defined as class methods (using ``@classmethod`` or equivalent).  These "
"functions and methods are invoked when the test runner switches to a test "
"case in a different module or class."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1907
msgid ""
"The methods :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.addCleanup` and :meth:`~unittest."
"TestCase.doCleanups` were added. :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.addCleanup` lets "
"you add cleanup functions that will be called unconditionally (after :meth:"
"`~unittest.TestCase.setUp` if :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.setUp` fails, "
"otherwise after :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.tearDown`). This allows for much "
"simpler resource allocation and deallocation during tests (:issue:`5679`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1915
msgid ""
"A number of new methods were added that provide more specialized tests.  "
"Many of these methods were written by Google engineers for use in their test "
"suites; Gregory P. Smith, Michael Foord, and GvR worked on merging them into "
"Python's version of :mod:`unittest`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1920
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertIsNone` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"assertIsNotNone` take one expression and verify that the result is or is not "
"``None``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1923
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertIs` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"assertIsNot` take two values and check whether the two values evaluate to "
"the same object or not. (Added by Michael Foord; :issue:`2578`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1927
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertIsInstance` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"assertNotIsInstance` check whether the resulting object is an instance of a "
"particular class, or of one of a tuple of classes.  (Added by Georg Brandl; :"
"issue:`7031`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1932
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertGreater`, :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"assertGreaterEqual`, :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertLess`, and :meth:"
"`~unittest.TestCase.assertLessEqual` compare two quantities."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1936
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual` compares two strings, and if "
"they're not equal, displays a helpful comparison that highlights the "
"differences in the two strings.  This comparison is now used by default when "
"Unicode strings are compared with :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertEqual`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1941
msgid ""
":meth:`assertRegexpMatches() <unittest.TestCase.assertRegex>` and :meth:"
"`assertNotRegexpMatches() <unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegex>` checks whether "
"the first argument is a string matching or not matching the regular "
"expression provided as the second argument (:issue:`8038`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1946
msgid ""
":meth:`assertRaisesRegexp() <unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex>` checks "
"whether a particular exception is raised, and then also checks that the "
"string representation of the exception matches the provided regular "
"expression."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1951
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertIn` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"assertNotIn` tests whether *first* is or is not in  *second*."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1954
msgid ""
":meth:`assertItemsEqual() <unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual>` tests "
"whether two provided sequences contain the same elements."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1957
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertSetEqual` compares whether two sets are "
"equal, and only reports the differences between the sets in case of error."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1960
msgid ""
"Similarly, :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertListEqual` and :meth:`~unittest."
"TestCase.assertTupleEqual` compare the specified types and explain any "
"differences without necessarily printing their full values; these methods "
"are now used by default when comparing lists and tuples using :meth:"
"`~unittest.TestCase.assertEqual`. More generally, :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"assertSequenceEqual` compares two sequences and can optionally check whether "
"both sequences are of a particular type."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1968
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertDictEqual` compares two dictionaries and "
"reports the differences; it's now used by default when you compare two "
"dictionaries using :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertEqual`.  :meth:`!"
"assertDictContainsSubset` checks whether all of the key/value pairs in "
"*first* are found in *second*."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1973
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"assertNotAlmostEqual` test whether *first* and *second* are approximately "
"equal.  This method can either round their difference to an optionally "
"specified number of *places* (the default is 7) and compare it to zero, or "
"require the difference to be smaller than a supplied *delta* value."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1979
msgid ""
":meth:`~unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromName` properly honors the :attr:"
"`~unittest.TestLoader.suiteClass` attribute of the :class:`~unittest."
"TestLoader`. (Fixed by Mark Roddy; :issue:`6866`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1983
msgid ""
"A new hook lets you extend the :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.assertEqual` method "
"to handle new data types.  The :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"addTypeEqualityFunc` method takes a type object and a function. The function "
"will be used when both of the objects being compared are of the specified "
"type.  This function should compare the two objects and raise an exception "
"if they don't match; it's a good idea for the function to provide additional "
"information about why the two objects aren't matching, much as the new "
"sequence comparison methods do."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1992
msgid ""
":func:`unittest.main` now takes an optional ``exit`` argument.  If false, :"
"func:`~unittest.main` doesn't call :func:`sys.exit`, allowing :func:"
"`~unittest.main` to be used from the interactive interpreter. (Contributed "
"by J. Pablo Fernández; :issue:`3379`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:1997
msgid ""
":class:`~unittest.TestResult` has new :meth:`~unittest.TestResult."
"startTestRun` and :meth:`~unittest.TestResult.stopTestRun` methods that are "
"called immediately before and after a test run.  (Contributed by Robert "
"Collins; :issue:`5728`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2001
msgid ""
"With all these changes, the :file:`unittest.py` was becoming awkwardly "
"large, so the module was turned into a package and the code split into "
"several files (by Benjamin Peterson).  This doesn't affect how the module is "
"imported or used."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2008
msgid ""
"https://web.archive.org/web/20210619163128/http://www.voidspace.org.uk/"
"python/articles/unittest2.shtml"
msgstr ""
"https://web.archive.org/web/20210619163128/http://www.voidspace.org.uk/"
"python/articles/unittest2.shtml"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2009
msgid ""
"Describes the new features, how to use them, and the rationale for various "
"design decisions.  (By Michael Foord.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2015
msgid "Updated module: ElementTree 1.3"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2017
msgid ""
"The version of the ElementTree library included with Python was updated to "
"version 1.3.  Some of the new features are:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2020
msgid ""
"The various parsing functions now take a *parser* keyword argument giving "
"an :class:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser` instance that will be used.  "
"This makes it possible to override the file's internal encoding::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2024
msgid ""
"p = ET.XMLParser(encoding='utf-8')\n"
"t = ET.XML(\"\"\"<root/>\"\"\", parser=p)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2027
msgid ""
"Errors in parsing XML now raise a :exc:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError` "
"exception, whose instances have a :attr:`!position` attribute containing a "
"(*line*, *column*) tuple giving the location of the problem."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2031
msgid ""
"ElementTree's code for converting trees to a string has been significantly "
"reworked, making it roughly twice as fast in many cases.  The :meth:"
"`ElementTree.write() <xml.etree.ElementTree.ElementTree.write>` and :meth:"
"`Element.write` methods now have a *method* parameter that can be "
"\"xml\" (the default), \"html\", or \"text\".  HTML mode will output empty "
"elements as ``<empty></empty>`` instead of ``<empty/>``, and text mode will "
"skip over elements and only output the text chunks.  If you set the :attr:"
"`~xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.tag` attribute of an element to ``None`` but "
"leave its children in place, the element will be omitted when the tree is "
"written out, so you don't need to do more extensive rearrangement to remove "
"a single element."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2044
msgid ""
"Namespace handling has also been improved.  All ``xmlns:<whatever>`` "
"declarations are now output on the root element, not scattered throughout "
"the resulting XML.  You can set the default namespace for a tree by setting "
"the :attr:`default_namespace` attribute and can register new prefixes with :"
"meth:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.register_namespace`.  In XML mode, you can use "
"the true/false *xml_declaration* parameter to suppress the XML declaration."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2052
msgid ""
"New :class:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.Element` method: :meth:`~xml.etree."
"ElementTree.Element.extend` appends the items from a sequence to the "
"element's children.  Elements themselves behave like sequences, so it's easy "
"to move children from one element to another::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2058
msgid ""
"from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET\n"
"\n"
"t = ET.XML(\"\"\"<list>\n"
"  <item>1</item> <item>2</item>  <item>3</item>\n"
"</list>\"\"\")\n"
"new = ET.XML('<root/>')\n"
"new.extend(t)\n"
"\n"
"# Outputs <root><item>1</item>...</root>\n"
"print ET.tostring(new)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2069
msgid ""
"New :class:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.Element` method: :meth:`~xml.etree."
"ElementTree.Element.iter` yields the children of the element as a "
"generator.  It's also possible to write ``for child in elem:`` to loop over "
"an element's children.  The existing method :meth:`!getiterator` is now "
"deprecated, as is :meth:`!getchildren` which constructs and returns a list "
"of children."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2076
msgid ""
"New :class:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.Element` method: :meth:`~xml.etree."
"ElementTree.Element.itertext` yields all chunks of text that are descendants "
"of the element.  For example::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2080
msgid ""
"t = ET.XML(\"\"\"<list>\n"
"  <item>1</item> <item>2</item>  <item>3</item>\n"
"</list>\"\"\")\n"
"\n"
"# Outputs ['\\n  ', '1', ' ', '2', '  ', '3', '\\n']\n"
"print list(t.itertext())"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2087
msgid ""
"Deprecated: using an element as a Boolean (i.e., ``if elem:``) would return "
"true if the element had any children, or false if there were no children.  "
"This behaviour is confusing -- ``None`` is false, but so is a childless "
"element? -- so it will now trigger a :exc:`FutureWarning`.  In your code, "
"you should be explicit: write ``len(elem) != 0`` if you're interested in the "
"number of children, or ``elem is not None``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2095
msgid ""
"Fredrik Lundh develops ElementTree and produced the 1.3 version; you can "
"read his article describing 1.3 at https://web.archive.org/"
"web/20200703234532/http://effbot.org/zone/elementtree-13-intro.htm. Florent "
"Xicluna updated the version included with Python, after discussions on "
"python-dev and in :issue:`6472`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2105
msgid "Build and C API Changes"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2107
msgid "Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2109
msgid ""
"The latest release of the GNU Debugger, GDB 7, can be `scripted using Python "
"<https://web.archive.org/web/20110715084810/http://sourceware.org/gdb/"
"current/onlinedocs/gdb/Python.html>`__. When you begin debugging an "
"executable program P, GDB will look for a file named ``P-gdb.py`` and "
"automatically read it.  Dave Malcolm contributed a :file:`python-gdb.py` "
"that adds a number of commands useful when debugging Python itself.  For "
"example, ``py-up`` and ``py-down`` go up or down one Python stack frame, "
"which usually corresponds to several C stack frames.  ``py-print`` prints "
"the value of a Python variable, and ``py-bt`` prints the Python stack "
"trace.  (Added as a result of :issue:`8032`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2121
msgid ""
"If you use the :file:`.gdbinit` file provided with Python, the \"pyo\" macro "
"in the 2.7 version now works correctly when the thread being debugged "
"doesn't hold the GIL; the macro now acquires it before printing. "
"(Contributed by Victor Stinner; :issue:`3632`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2126
msgid ""
":c:func:`Py_AddPendingCall` is now thread-safe, letting any worker thread "
"submit notifications to the main Python thread.  This is particularly useful "
"for asynchronous IO operations. (Contributed by Kristján Valur Jónsson; :"
"issue:`4293`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2131
msgid ""
"New function: :c:func:`PyCode_NewEmpty` creates an empty code object; only "
"the filename, function name, and first line number are required. This is "
"useful for extension modules that are attempting to construct a more useful "
"traceback stack.  Previously such extensions needed to call :c:func:`!"
"PyCode_New`, which had many more arguments.  (Added by Jeffrey Yasskin.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2138
msgid ""
"New function: :c:func:`PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc` creates a new exception "
"class, just as the existing :c:func:`PyErr_NewException` does, but takes an "
"extra ``char *`` argument containing the docstring for the new exception "
"class.  (Added by 'lekma' on the Python bug tracker; :issue:`7033`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2144
msgid ""
"New function: :c:func:`PyFrame_GetLineNumber` takes a frame object and "
"returns the line number that the frame is currently executing. Previously "
"code would need to get the index of the bytecode instruction currently "
"executing, and then look up the line number corresponding to that address.  "
"(Added by Jeffrey Yasskin.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2150
msgid ""
"New functions: :c:func:`PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow` and :c:func:"
"`PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow`  approximates a Python long integer as a C :c:"
"expr:`long` or :c:expr:`long long`. If the number is too large to fit into "
"the output type, an *overflow* flag is set and returned to the caller. "
"(Contributed by Case Van Horsen; :issue:`7528` and :issue:`7767`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2157
msgid ""
"New function: stemming from the rewrite of string-to-float conversion, a "
"new :c:func:`PyOS_string_to_double` function was added.  The old :c:func:`!"
"PyOS_ascii_strtod` and :c:func:`!PyOS_ascii_atof` functions are now "
"deprecated."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2162
msgid ""
"New function: :c:func:`!PySys_SetArgvEx` sets the value of ``sys.argv`` and "
"can optionally update ``sys.path`` to include the directory containing the "
"script named by ``sys.argv[0]`` depending on the value of an *updatepath* "
"parameter."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2167
msgid ""
"This function was added to close a security hole for applications that embed "
"Python.  The old function, :c:func:`!PySys_SetArgv`, would always update "
"``sys.path``, and sometimes it would add the current directory.  This meant "
"that, if you ran an application embedding Python in a directory controlled "
"by someone else, attackers could put a Trojan-horse module in the directory "
"(say, a file named :file:`os.py`) that your application would then import "
"and run."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2175
msgid ""
"If you maintain a C/C++ application that embeds Python, check whether you're "
"calling :c:func:`!PySys_SetArgv` and carefully consider whether the "
"application should be using :c:func:`!PySys_SetArgvEx` with *updatepath* set "
"to false."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2180
msgid ""
"Security issue reported as :cve:`2008-5983`; discussed in :issue:`5753`, and "
"fixed by Antoine Pitrou."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2183
msgid ""
"New macros: the Python header files now define the following macros: :c:"
"macro:`Py_ISALNUM`, :c:macro:`Py_ISALPHA`, :c:macro:`Py_ISDIGIT`, :c:macro:"
"`Py_ISLOWER`, :c:macro:`Py_ISSPACE`, :c:macro:`Py_ISUPPER`, :c:macro:"
"`Py_ISXDIGIT`, :c:macro:`Py_TOLOWER`, and :c:macro:`Py_TOUPPER`. All of "
"these functions are analogous to the C standard macros for classifying "
"characters, but ignore the current locale setting, because in several places "
"Python needs to analyze characters in a locale-independent way.  (Added by "
"Eric Smith; :issue:`5793`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2201
msgid ""
"Removed function: :c:func:`!PyEval_CallObject` is now only available as a "
"macro.  A function version was being kept around to preserve ABI linking "
"compatibility, but that was in 1997; it can certainly be deleted by now.  "
"(Removed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8276`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2206
msgid ""
"New format codes: the :c:func:`!PyString_FromFormat`, :c:func:`!"
"PyString_FromFormatV`, and :c:func:`PyErr_Format` functions now accept "
"``%lld`` and ``%llu`` format codes for displaying C's :c:expr:`long long` "
"types. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`7228`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2212
msgid ""
"The complicated interaction between threads and process forking has been "
"changed.  Previously, the child process created by :func:`os.fork` might "
"fail because the child is created with only a single thread running, the "
"thread performing the :func:`os.fork`. If other threads were holding a lock, "
"such as Python's import lock, when the fork was performed, the lock would "
"still be marked as \"held\" in the new process.  But in the child process "
"nothing would ever release the lock, since the other threads weren't "
"replicated, and the child process would no longer be able to perform imports."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2222
msgid ""
"Python 2.7 acquires the import lock before performing an :func:`os.fork`, "
"and will also clean up any locks created using the :mod:`threading` module.  "
"C extension modules that have internal locks, or that call :c:func:`fork()` "
"themselves, will not benefit from this clean-up."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2228
msgid "(Fixed by Thomas Wouters; :issue:`1590864`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2230
msgid ""
"The :c:func:`Py_Finalize` function now calls the internal :func:`!threading."
"_shutdown` function; this prevents some exceptions from being raised when an "
"interpreter shuts down. (Patch by Adam Olsen; :issue:`1722344`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2235
msgid ""
"When using the :c:type:`PyMemberDef` structure to define attributes of a "
"type, Python will no longer let you try to delete or set a :c:macro:"
"`T_STRING_INPLACE` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2241
msgid ""
"Global symbols defined by the :mod:`ctypes` module are now prefixed with "
"``Py``, or with ``_ctypes``.  (Implemented by Thomas Heller; :issue:`3102`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2245
msgid ""
"New configure option: the :option:`!--with-system-expat` switch allows "
"building the :mod:`pyexpat <xml.parsers.expat>` module to use the system "
"Expat library. (Contributed by Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis; :issue:"
"`7609`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2249
msgid ""
"New configure option: the :option:`!--with-valgrind` option will now disable "
"the pymalloc allocator, which is difficult for the Valgrind memory-error "
"detector to analyze correctly. Valgrind will therefore be better at "
"detecting memory leaks and overruns. (Contributed by James Henstridge; :"
"issue:`2422`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2256
msgid ""
"New configure option: you can now supply an empty string to :option:`!--with-"
"dbmliborder=` in order to disable all of the various DBM modules.  (Added by "
"Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis; :issue:`6491`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2261
msgid ""
"The :program:`configure` script now checks for floating-point rounding bugs "
"on certain 32-bit Intel chips and defines a :c:macro:`X87_DOUBLE_ROUNDING` "
"preprocessor definition.  No code currently uses this definition, but it's "
"available if anyone wishes to use it. (Added by Mark Dickinson; :issue:"
"`2937`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2267
msgid ""
":program:`configure` also now sets a :envvar:`LDCXXSHARED` Makefile variable "
"for supporting C++ linking.  (Contributed by Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar "
"Arahesis; :issue:`1222585`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2271
msgid ""
"The build process now creates the necessary files for pkg-config support.  "
"(Contributed by Clinton Roy; :issue:`3585`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2274
msgid ""
"The build process now supports Subversion 1.7.  (Contributed by Arfrever "
"Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis; :issue:`6094`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2281
msgid "Capsules"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2283
msgid ""
"Python 3.1 adds a new C datatype, :c:type:`PyCapsule`, for providing a C API "
"to an extension module.  A capsule is essentially the holder of a C ``void "
"*`` pointer, and is made available as a module attribute; for example, the :"
"mod:`socket` module's API is exposed as ``socket.CAPI``, and :mod:"
"`unicodedata` exposes ``ucnhash_CAPI``.  Other extensions can import the "
"module, access its dictionary to get the capsule object, and then get the "
"``void *`` pointer, which will usually point to an array of pointers to the "
"module's various API functions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2292
msgid ""
"There is an existing data type already used for this, :c:type:`!PyCObject`, "
"but it doesn't provide type safety.  Evil code written in pure Python could "
"cause a segmentation fault by taking a :c:type:`!PyCObject` from module A "
"and somehow substituting it for the :c:type:`!PyCObject` in module B.   "
"Capsules know their own name, and getting the pointer requires providing the "
"name:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2299
msgid ""
"void *vtable;\n"
"\n"
"if (!PyCapsule_IsValid(capsule, \"mymodule.CAPI\") {\n"
"        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, \"argument type invalid\");\n"
"        return NULL;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"vtable = PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule, \"mymodule.CAPI\");"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2310
msgid ""
"You are assured that ``vtable`` points to whatever you're expecting. If a "
"different capsule was passed in, :c:func:`PyCapsule_IsValid` would detect "
"the mismatched name and return false.  Refer to :ref:`using-capsules` for "
"more information on using these objects."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2315
msgid ""
"Python 2.7 now uses capsules internally to provide various extension-module "
"APIs, but the :c:func:`!PyCObject_AsVoidPtr` was modified to handle "
"capsules, preserving compile-time compatibility with the :c:type:`!"
"PyCObject` interface.  Use of :c:func:`!PyCObject_AsVoidPtr` will signal a :"
"exc:`PendingDeprecationWarning`, which is silent by default."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2322
msgid ""
"Implemented in Python 3.1 and backported to 2.7 by Larry Hastings; discussed "
"in :issue:`5630`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2329
msgid "Port-Specific Changes: Windows"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2331
msgid ""
"The :mod:`msvcrt` module now contains some constants from the :file:"
"`crtassem.h` header file: :data:`~msvcrt.CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION`, :data:"
"`~msvcrt.VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN`, and :data:`~msvcrt."
"LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX`. (Contributed by David Cournapeau; :issue:"
"`4365`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2338
msgid ""
"The :mod:`_winreg <winreg>` module for accessing the registry now implements "
"the :func:`~winreg.CreateKeyEx` and :func:`~winreg.DeleteKeyEx` functions, "
"extended versions of previously supported functions that take several extra "
"arguments.  The :func:`~winreg.DisableReflectionKey`, :func:`~winreg."
"EnableReflectionKey`, and :func:`~winreg.QueryReflectionKey` were also "
"tested and documented. (Implemented by Brian Curtin: :issue:`7347`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2346
msgid ""
"The new :c:func:`!_beginthreadex` API is used to start threads, and the "
"native thread-local storage functions are now used. (Contributed by Kristján "
"Valur Jónsson; :issue:`3582`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2350
msgid ""
"The :func:`os.kill` function now works on Windows.  The signal value can be "
"the constants :const:`~signal.CTRL_C_EVENT`, :const:`~signal."
"CTRL_BREAK_EVENT`, or any integer.  The first two constants will send :kbd:"
"`Control-C` and :kbd:`Control-Break` keystroke events to subprocesses; any "
"other value will use the :c:func:`!TerminateProcess` API.  (Contributed by "
"Miki Tebeka; :issue:`1220212`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2357
msgid ""
"The :func:`os.listdir` function now correctly fails for an empty path.  "
"(Fixed by Hirokazu Yamamoto; :issue:`5913`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2360
msgid ""
"The :mod:`mimetypes` module will now read the MIME database from the Windows "
"registry when initializing. (Patch by Gabriel Genellina; :issue:`4969`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2367
msgid "Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2369
msgid ""
"The path ``/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages`` is now appended to ``sys."
"path``, in order to share added packages between the system installation and "
"a user-installed copy of the same version. (Changed by Ronald Oussoren; :"
"issue:`4865`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2376
msgid ""
"As of 2.7.13, this change was removed. ``/Library/Python/2.7/site-"
"packages``, the site-packages directory used by the Apple-supplied system "
"Python 2.7 is no longer appended to ``sys.path`` for user-installed Pythons "
"such as from the python.org installers.  As of macOS 10.12, Apple changed "
"how the system site-packages directory is configured, which could cause "
"installation of pip components, like setuptools, to fail.  Packages "
"installed for the system Python will no longer be shared with user-installed "
"Pythons. (:issue:`28440`)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2387
msgid "Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2389
msgid ""
"FreeBSD 7.1's :const:`!SO_SETFIB` constant, used with the :func:`~socket."
"socket` methods :func:`~socket.socket.getsockopt`/:func:`~socket.socket."
"setsockopt` to select an alternate routing table, is now available in the :"
"mod:`socket` module.  (Added by Kyle VanderBeek; :issue:`8235`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2395
msgid "Other Changes and Fixes"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2397
msgid ""
"Two benchmark scripts, :file:`iobench` and :file:`ccbench`, were added to "
"the :file:`Tools` directory.  :file:`iobench` measures the speed of the "
"built-in file I/O objects returned by :func:`open` while performing various "
"operations, and :file:`ccbench` is a concurrency benchmark that tries to "
"measure computing throughput, thread switching latency, and IO processing "
"bandwidth when performing several tasks using a varying number of threads."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2405
msgid ""
"The :file:`Tools/i18n/msgfmt.py` script now understands plural forms in :"
"file:`.po` files.  (Fixed by Martin von Löwis; :issue:`5464`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2409
msgid ""
"When importing a module from a :file:`.pyc` or :file:`.pyo` file with an "
"existing :file:`.py` counterpart, the :attr:`~codeobject.co_filename` "
"attributes of the resulting code objects are overwritten when the original "
"filename is obsolete.  This can happen if the file has been renamed, moved, "
"or is accessed through different paths.  (Patch by Ziga Seilnacht and Jean-"
"Paul Calderone; :issue:`1180193`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2416
msgid ""
"The :file:`regrtest.py` script now takes a :option:`!--randseed=` switch "
"that takes an integer that will be used as the random seed for the :option:"
"`!-r` option that executes tests in random order. The :option:`!-r` option "
"also reports the seed that was used (Added by Collin Winter.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2422
msgid ""
"Another :file:`regrtest.py` switch is :option:`!-j`, which takes an integer "
"specifying how many tests run in parallel. This allows reducing the total "
"runtime on multi-core machines. This option is compatible with several other "
"options, including the :option:`!-R` switch which is known to produce long "
"runtimes. (Added by Antoine Pitrou, :issue:`6152`.)  This can also be used "
"with a new :option:`!-F` switch that runs selected tests in a loop until "
"they fail.  (Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`7312`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2431
msgid ""
"When executed as a script, the :file:`py_compile.py` module now accepts "
"``'-'`` as an argument, which will read standard input for the list of "
"filenames to be compiled.  (Contributed by Piotr Ożarowski; :issue:`8233`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2439
msgid "Porting to Python 2.7"
msgstr "移植至 Python 2.7"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2441
msgid ""
"This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may "
"require changes to your code:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2444
msgid ""
"The :func:`range` function processes its arguments more consistently; it "
"will now call :meth:`~object.__int__` on non-float, non-integer arguments "
"that are supplied to it.  (Fixed by Alexander Belopolsky; :issue:`1533`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2449
msgid ""
"The string :meth:`format` method changed the default precision used for "
"floating-point and complex numbers from 6 decimal places to 12, which "
"matches the precision used by :func:`str`. (Changed by Eric Smith; :issue:"
"`5920`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2454
msgid ""
"Because of an optimization for the :keyword:`with` statement, the special "
"methods :meth:`~object.__enter__` and :meth:`~object.__exit__` must belong "
"to the object's type, and cannot be directly attached to the object's "
"instance.  This affects new-style classes (derived from :class:`object`) and "
"C extension types.  (:issue:`6101`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2460
msgid ""
"Due to a bug in Python 2.6, the *exc_value* parameter to :meth:`~object."
"__exit__` methods was often the string representation of the exception, not "
"an instance.  This was fixed in 2.7, so *exc_value* will be an instance as "
"expected.  (Fixed by Florent Xicluna; :issue:`7853`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2470
msgid "In the standard library:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2472
msgid ""
"Operations with :class:`~datetime.datetime` instances that resulted in a "
"year falling outside the supported range didn't always raise :exc:"
"`OverflowError`.  Such errors are now checked more carefully and will now "
"raise the exception. (Reported by Mark Leander, patch by Anand B. Pillai and "
"Alexander Belopolsky; :issue:`7150`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2478
msgid ""
"When using :class:`~decimal.Decimal` instances with a string's :meth:"
"`format` method, the default alignment was previously left-alignment.  This "
"has been changed to right-alignment, which might change the output of your "
"programs. (Changed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`6857`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2490
msgid ""
"The :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` library no longer escapes ampersands and "
"angle brackets when outputting an XML processing instruction (which looks "
"like ``<?xml-stylesheet href=\"#style1\"?>``) or comment (which looks like "
"``<!-- comment -->``). (Patch by Neil Muller; :issue:`2746`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2496
msgid ""
"The :meth:`!readline` method of :class:`~io.StringIO` objects now does "
"nothing when a negative length is requested, as other file-like objects do.  "
"(:issue:`7348`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2539
msgid "For C extensions:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2541
msgid ""
"C extensions that use integer format codes with the ``PyArg_Parse*`` family "
"of functions will now raise a :exc:`TypeError` exception instead of "
"triggering a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` (:issue:`5080`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2545
msgid ""
"Use the new :c:func:`PyOS_string_to_double` function instead of the old :c:"
"func:`!PyOS_ascii_strtod` and :c:func:`!PyOS_ascii_atof` functions, which "
"are now deprecated."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2549
msgid "For applications that embed Python:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2551
msgid ""
"The :c:func:`!PySys_SetArgvEx` function was added, letting applications "
"close a security hole when the existing :c:func:`!PySys_SetArgv` function "
"was used.  Check whether you're calling :c:func:`!PySys_SetArgv` and "
"carefully consider whether the application should be using :c:func:`!"
"PySys_SetArgvEx` with *updatepath* set to false."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2564
msgid "New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2566
msgid ""
"New features may be added to Python 2.7 maintenance releases when the "
"situation genuinely calls for it. Any such additions must go through the "
"Python Enhancement Proposal process, and make a compelling case for why they "
"can't be adequately addressed by either adding the new feature solely to "
"Python 3, or else by publishing it on the Python Package Index."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2572
msgid ""
"In addition to the specific proposals listed below, there is a general "
"exemption allowing new ``-3`` warnings to be added in any Python 2.7 "
"maintenance release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2578
msgid "Two new environment variables for debug mode"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2580
msgid ""
"In debug mode, the ``[xxx refs]`` statistic is not written by default, the :"
"envvar:`!PYTHONSHOWREFCOUNT` environment variable now must also be set. "
"(Contributed by Victor Stinner; :issue:`31733`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2584
msgid ""
"When Python is compiled with ``COUNT_ALLOC`` defined, allocation counts are "
"no longer dumped by default anymore: the :envvar:`!PYTHONSHOWALLOCCOUNT` "
"environment variable must now also be set. Moreover, allocation counts are "
"now dumped into stderr, rather than stdout. (Contributed by Victor Stinner; :"
"issue:`31692`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2593
msgid "PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2595
msgid ""
":pep:`434` describes a general exemption for changes made to the IDLE "
"development environment shipped along with Python. This exemption makes it "
"possible for the IDLE developers to provide a more consistent user "
"experience across all supported versions of Python 2 and 3."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2600
msgid ""
"For details of any IDLE changes, refer to the NEWS file for the specific "
"release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2605
msgid "PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2607
msgid ""
":pep:`466` describes a number of network security enhancement proposals that "
"have been approved for inclusion in Python 2.7 maintenance releases, with "
"the first of those changes appearing in the Python 2.7.7 release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2611
msgid ":pep:`466` related features added in Python 2.7.7:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2613
msgid ""
":func:`hmac.compare_digest` was backported from Python 3 to make a timing "
"attack resistant comparison operation available to Python 2 applications. "
"(Contributed by Alex Gaynor; :issue:`21306`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2617
msgid ""
"OpenSSL 1.0.1g was upgraded in the official Windows installers published on "
"python.org. (Contributed by Zachary Ware; :issue:`21462`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2620
msgid ":pep:`466` related features added in Python 2.7.8:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2622
msgid ""
":func:`hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac` was backported from Python 3 to make a hashing "
"algorithm suitable for secure password storage broadly available to Python 2 "
"applications. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor; :issue:`21304`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2626
msgid ""
"OpenSSL 1.0.1h was upgraded for the official Windows installers published on "
"python.org. (Contributed by Zachary Ware in :issue:`21671` for :cve:"
"`2014-0224`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2629
msgid ":pep:`466` related features added in Python 2.7.9:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2631
msgid ""
"Most of Python 3.4's :mod:`ssl` module was backported. This means :mod:`ssl` "
"now supports Server Name Indication, TLS1.x settings, access to the platform "
"certificate store, the :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` class, and other features. "
"(Contributed by Alex Gaynor and David Reid; :issue:`21308`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2636
msgid ""
"Refer to the \"Version added: 2.7.9\" notes in the module documentation for "
"specific details."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2639
msgid ""
":func:`os.urandom` was changed to cache a file descriptor to ``/dev/"
"urandom`` instead of reopening ``/dev/urandom`` on every call. (Contributed "
"by Alex Gaynor; :issue:`21305`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2643
msgid ""
":data:`hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed` and :data:`hashlib."
"algorithms_available` were backported from Python 3 to make it easier for "
"Python 2 applications to select the strongest available hash algorithm. "
"(Contributed by Alex Gaynor in :issue:`21307`)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2650
msgid "PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2652
msgid ""
":pep:`477` approves the inclusion of the :pep:`453` ensurepip module and the "
"improved documentation that was enabled by it in the Python 2.7 maintenance "
"releases, appearing first in the Python 2.7.9 release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2658
msgid "Bootstrapping pip By Default"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2660
msgid ""
"The new :mod:`ensurepip` module (defined in :pep:`453`) provides a standard "
"cross-platform mechanism to bootstrap the pip installer into Python "
"installations. The version of ``pip`` included with Python 2.7.9 is ``pip`` "
"1.5.6, and future 2.7.x maintenance releases will update the bundled version "
"to the latest version of ``pip`` that is available at the time of creating "
"the release candidate."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2667
msgid ""
"By default, the commands ``pip``, ``pipX`` and ``pipX.Y`` will be installed "
"on all platforms (where X.Y stands for the version of the Python "
"installation), along with the ``pip`` Python package and its dependencies."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2671
msgid ""
"For CPython :ref:`source builds on POSIX systems <building-python-on-unix>`, "
"the ``make install`` and ``make altinstall`` commands do not bootstrap "
"``pip`` by default.  This behaviour can be controlled through configure "
"options, and overridden through Makefile options."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2676
msgid ""
"On Windows and Mac OS X, the CPython installers now default to installing "
"``pip`` along with CPython itself (users may opt out of installing it during "
"the installation process). Window users will need to opt in to the automatic "
"``PATH`` modifications to have ``pip`` available from the command line by "
"default, otherwise it can still be accessed through the Python launcher for "
"Windows as ``py -m pip``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2683
msgid ""
"As :pep:`discussed in the PEP <0477#disabling-ensurepip-by-downstream-"
"distributors>`, platform packagers may choose not to install these commands "
"by default, as long as, when invoked, they provide clear and simple "
"directions on how to install them on that platform (usually using the system "
"package manager)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2690
msgid "Documentation Changes"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2692
msgid ""
"As part of this change, the :ref:`installing-index` and :ref:`distributing-"
"index` sections of the documentation have been completely redesigned as "
"short getting started and FAQ documents. Most packaging documentation has "
"now been moved out to the Python Packaging Authority maintained `Python "
"Packaging User Guide <https://packaging.python.org>`__ and the documentation "
"of the individual projects."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2700
msgid ""
"However, as this migration is currently still incomplete, the legacy "
"versions of those guides remaining available as :ref:`install-index` and :"
"ref:`setuptools-index`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2706
msgid ":pep:`453` -- Explicit bootstrapping of pip in Python installations"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2707
msgid ""
"PEP written by Donald Stufft and Nick Coghlan, implemented by Donald Stufft, "
"Nick Coghlan, Martin von Löwis and Ned Deily."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2711
msgid ""
"PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2713
msgid ""
":pep:`476` updated :mod:`httplib <http>` and modules which use it, such as :"
"mod:`urllib2 <urllib.request>` and :mod:`xmlrpclib <xmlrpc.client>`, to now "
"verify that the server presents a certificate which is signed by a "
"Certificate Authority in the platform trust store and whose hostname matches "
"the hostname being requested by default, significantly improving security "
"for many applications. This change was made in the Python 2.7.9 release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2721
msgid ""
"For applications which require the old previous behavior, they can pass an "
"alternate context::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2724
msgid ""
"import urllib2\n"
"import ssl\n"
"\n"
"# This disables all verification\n"
"context = ssl._create_unverified_context()\n"
"\n"
"# This allows using a specific certificate for the host, which doesn't need\n"
"# to be in the trust store\n"
"context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=\"/path/to/file.crt\")\n"
"\n"
"urllib2.urlopen(\"https://invalid-cert\", context=context)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2738
msgid "PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2740
msgid ""
":pep:`493` provides additional migration tools to support a more incremental "
"infrastructure upgrade process for environments containing applications and "
"services relying on the historically permissive processing of server "
"certificates when establishing client HTTPS connections.  These additions "
"were made in the Python 2.7.12 release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2746
msgid ""
"These tools are intended for use in cases where affected applications and "
"services can't be modified to explicitly pass a more permissive SSL context "
"when establishing the connection."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2750
msgid ""
"For applications and services which can't be modified at all, the new "
"``PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY`` environment variable may be set to ``0`` to revert an "
"entire Python process back to the default permissive behaviour of Python "
"2.7.8 and earlier."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2755
msgid ""
"For cases where the connection establishment code can't be modified, but the "
"overall application can be, the new :func:`!ssl._https_verify_certificates` "
"function can be used to adjust the default behaviour at runtime."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2761
msgid "New ``make regen-all`` build target"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2763
msgid ""
"To simplify cross-compilation, and to ensure that CPython can reliably be "
"compiled without requiring an existing version of Python to already be "
"available, the autotools-based build system no longer attempts to implicitly "
"recompile generated files based on file modification times."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2768
msgid ""
"Instead, a new ``make regen-all`` command has been added to force "
"regeneration of these files when desired (e.g. after an initial version of "
"Python has already been built based on the pregenerated versions)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2772
msgid ""
"More selective regeneration targets are also defined - see :source:`Makefile."
"pre.in` for details."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2775 ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2788
msgid "(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`23404`.)"
msgstr "（由 Victor Stinner 於 :issue:`23404` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2781
msgid "Removal of ``make touch`` build target"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2783
msgid ""
"The ``make touch`` build target previously used to request implicit "
"regeneration of generated files by updating their modification times has "
"been removed."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2786
msgid "It has been replaced by the new ``make regen-all`` target."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2797
msgid "Acknowledgements"
msgstr "致謝"

#: ../../whatsnew/2.7.rst:2799
msgid ""
"The author would like to thank the following people for offering "
"suggestions, corrections and assistance with various drafts of this article: "
"Nick Coghlan, Philip Jenvey, Ryan Lovett, R. David Murray, Hugh Secker-"
"Walker."
msgstr ""