3.8.po

# Copyright (C) 2001-2024, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.13\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-11-26 00:14+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese - TAIWAN (https://github.com/python/python-docs-zh-"
"tw)\n"
"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:3
msgid "What's New In Python 3.8"
msgstr "Python 3.8 有什麼新功能"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:0
msgid "Editor"
msgstr "編輯者"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:45
msgid "Raymond Hettinger"
msgstr "Raymond Hettinger"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:47
msgid ""
"This article explains the new features in Python 3.8, compared to 3.7. "
"Python 3.8 was released on October 14, 2019. For full details, see the :ref:"
"`changelog <changelog>`."
msgstr ""
"本文介紹了 Python 3.8 與 3.7 相比多了哪些新功能。Python 3.8 已於 2019 年 10 "
"月 14 日發布。有關完整詳細資訊，請參閱 :ref:`changelog <changelog>`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:61
msgid "Summary -- Release highlights"
msgstr "發布重點摘要"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:72
msgid "New Features"
msgstr "新增功能"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:75
msgid "Assignment expressions"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:77
msgid ""
"There is new syntax ``:=`` that assigns values to variables as part of a "
"larger expression. It is affectionately known as \"the walrus operator\" due "
"to its resemblance to `the eyes and tusks of a walrus <https://en.wikipedia."
"org/wiki/Walrus#/media/File:Pacific_Walrus_-_Bull_(8247646168).jpg>`_."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:82
msgid ""
"In this example, the assignment expression helps avoid calling :func:`len` "
"twice::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:85
msgid ""
"if (n := len(a)) > 10:\n"
"    print(f\"List is too long ({n} elements, expected <= 10)\")"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:88
msgid ""
"A similar benefit arises during regular expression matching where match "
"objects are needed twice, once to test whether a match occurred and another "
"to extract a subgroup::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:92
msgid ""
"discount = 0.0\n"
"if (mo := re.search(r'(\\d+)% discount', advertisement)):\n"
"    discount = float(mo.group(1)) / 100.0"
msgstr ""
"discount = 0.0\n"
"if (mo := re.search(r'(\\d+)% discount', advertisement)):\n"
"    discount = float(mo.group(1)) / 100.0"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:96
msgid ""
"The operator is also useful with while-loops that compute a value to test "
"loop termination and then need that same value again in the body of the "
"loop::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:100
msgid ""
"# Loop over fixed length blocks\n"
"while (block := f.read(256)) != '':\n"
"    process(block)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:104
msgid ""
"Another motivating use case arises in list comprehensions where a value "
"computed in a filtering condition is also needed in the expression body::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:108
msgid ""
"[clean_name.title() for name in names\n"
" if (clean_name := normalize('NFC', name)) in allowed_names]"
msgstr ""
"[clean_name.title() for name in names\n"
" if (clean_name := normalize('NFC', name)) in allowed_names]"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:111
msgid ""
"Try to limit use of the walrus operator to clean cases that reduce "
"complexity and improve readability."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:114
msgid "See :pep:`572` for a full description."
msgstr "完整敘述請見 :pep:`572`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:116
msgid "(Contributed by Emily Morehouse in :issue:`35224`.)"
msgstr "（由 Emily Morehouse 在 :issue:`35224` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:120
msgid "Positional-only parameters"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:122
msgid ""
"There is a new function parameter syntax ``/`` to indicate that some "
"function parameters must be specified positionally and cannot be used as "
"keyword arguments.  This is the same notation shown by ``help()`` for C "
"functions annotated with Larry Hastings' `Argument Clinic <https://devguide."
"python.org/development-tools/clinic/>`__ tool."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:128
msgid ""
"In the following example, parameters *a* and *b* are positional-only, while "
"*c* or *d* can be positional or keyword, and *e* or *f* are required to be "
"keywords::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:132
msgid ""
"def f(a, b, /, c, d, *, e, f):\n"
"    print(a, b, c, d, e, f)"
msgstr ""
"def f(a, b, /, c, d, *, e, f):\n"
"    print(a, b, c, d, e, f)"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:135
msgid "The following is a valid call::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:137
msgid "f(10, 20, 30, d=40, e=50, f=60)"
msgstr "f(10, 20, 30, d=40, e=50, f=60)"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:139
msgid "However, these are invalid calls::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:141
msgid ""
"f(10, b=20, c=30, d=40, e=50, f=60)   # b cannot be a keyword argument\n"
"f(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, f=60)           # e must be a keyword argument"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:144
msgid ""
"One use case for this notation is that it allows pure Python functions to "
"fully emulate behaviors of existing C coded functions.  For example, the "
"built-in :func:`divmod` function does not accept keyword arguments::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:148
msgid ""
"def divmod(a, b, /):\n"
"    \"Emulate the built in divmod() function\"\n"
"    return (a // b, a % b)"
msgstr ""
"def divmod(a, b, /):\n"
"    \"Emulate the built in divmod() function\"\n"
"    return (a // b, a % b)"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:152
msgid ""
"Another use case is to preclude keyword arguments when the parameter name is "
"not helpful.  For example, the builtin :func:`len` function has the "
"signature ``len(obj, /)``.  This precludes awkward calls such as::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:156
msgid "len(obj='hello')  # The \"obj\" keyword argument impairs readability"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:158
msgid ""
"A further benefit of marking a parameter as positional-only is that it "
"allows the parameter name to be changed in the future without risk of "
"breaking client code.  For example, in the :mod:`statistics` module, the "
"parameter name *dist* may be changed in the future.  This was made possible "
"with the following function specification::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:164
msgid ""
"def quantiles(dist, /, *, n=4, method='exclusive')\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""
"def quantiles(dist, /, *, n=4, method='exclusive')\n"
"    ..."

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:167
msgid ""
"Since the parameters to the left of ``/`` are not exposed as possible "
"keywords, the parameters names remain available for use in ``**kwargs``::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:170
msgid ""
">>> def f(a, b, /, **kwargs):\n"
"...     print(a, b, kwargs)\n"
"...\n"
">>> f(10, 20, a=1, b=2, c=3)         # a and b are used in two ways\n"
"10 20 {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:176
msgid ""
"This greatly simplifies the implementation of functions and methods that "
"need to accept arbitrary keyword arguments.  For example, here is an excerpt "
"from code in the :mod:`collections` module::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:180
msgid ""
"class Counter(dict):\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, iterable=None, /, **kwds):\n"
"        # Note \"iterable\" is a possible keyword argument"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:185
msgid "See :pep:`570` for a full description."
msgstr "完整敘述請見 :pep:`570`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:187
msgid "(Contributed by Pablo Galindo in :issue:`36540`.)"
msgstr "（由 Pablo Galindo 在 :issue:`36540` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:193
msgid "Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:195
msgid ""
"The new :envvar:`PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX` setting (also available as :option:`-"
"X` ``pycache_prefix``) configures the implicit bytecode cache to use a "
"separate parallel filesystem tree, rather than the default ``__pycache__`` "
"subdirectories within each source directory."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:201
msgid ""
"The location of the cache is reported in :data:`sys.pycache_prefix` (:const:"
"`None` indicates the default location in ``__pycache__`` subdirectories)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:205
msgid "(Contributed by Carl Meyer in :issue:`33499`.)"
msgstr "（由 Carl Meyer 在 :issue:`33499` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:209
msgid "Debug build uses the same ABI as release build"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:211
msgid ""
"Python now uses the same ABI whether it's built in release or debug mode. On "
"Unix, when Python is built in debug mode, it is now possible to load C "
"extensions built in release mode and C extensions built using the stable ABI."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:215
msgid ""
"Release builds and :ref:`debug builds <debug-build>` are now ABI compatible: "
"defining the ``Py_DEBUG`` macro no longer implies the ``Py_TRACE_REFS`` "
"macro, which introduces the only ABI incompatibility. The ``Py_TRACE_REFS`` "
"macro, which adds the :func:`sys.getobjects` function and the :envvar:"
"`PYTHONDUMPREFS` environment variable, can be set using the new :option:`./"
"configure --with-trace-refs <--with-trace-refs>` build option. (Contributed "
"by Victor Stinner in :issue:`36465`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:223
msgid ""
"On Unix, C extensions are no longer linked to libpython except on Android "
"and Cygwin. It is now possible for a statically linked Python to load a C "
"extension built using a shared library Python. (Contributed by Victor "
"Stinner in :issue:`21536`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:230
msgid ""
"On Unix, when Python is built in debug mode, import now also looks for C "
"extensions compiled in release mode and for C extensions compiled with the "
"stable ABI. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`36722`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:235
msgid ""
"To embed Python into an application, a new ``--embed`` option must be passed "
"to ``python3-config --libs --embed`` to get ``-lpython3.8`` (link the "
"application to libpython). To support both 3.8 and older, try ``python3-"
"config --libs --embed`` first and fallback to ``python3-config --libs`` "
"(without ``--embed``) if the previous command fails."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:241
msgid ""
"Add a pkg-config ``python-3.8-embed`` module to embed Python into an "
"application: ``pkg-config python-3.8-embed --libs`` includes ``-"
"lpython3.8``. To support both 3.8 and older, try ``pkg-config python-X.Y-"
"embed --libs`` first and fallback to ``pkg-config python-X.Y --libs`` "
"(without ``--embed``) if the previous command fails (replace ``X.Y`` with "
"the Python version)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:247
msgid ""
"On the other hand, ``pkg-config python3.8 --libs`` no longer contains ``-"
"lpython3.8``. C extensions must not be linked to libpython (except on "
"Android and Cygwin, whose cases are handled by the script); this change is "
"backward incompatible on purpose. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:"
"`36721`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:256
msgid "f-strings support ``=`` for self-documenting expressions and debugging"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:258
msgid ""
"Added an ``=`` specifier to :term:`f-string`\\s. An f-string such as "
"``f'{expr=}'`` will expand to the text of the expression, an equal sign, "
"then the representation of the evaluated expression.  For example:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:267
msgid ""
"The usual :ref:`f-string format specifiers <f-strings>` allow more control "
"over how the result of the expression is displayed::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:270
msgid ""
">>> delta = date.today() - member_since\n"
">>> f'{user=!s}  {delta.days=:,d}'\n"
"'user=eric_idle  delta.days=16,075'"
msgstr ""
">>> delta = date.today() - member_since\n"
">>> f'{user=!s}  {delta.days=:,d}'\n"
"'user=eric_idle  delta.days=16,075'"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:274
msgid ""
"The ``=`` specifier will display the whole expression so that calculations "
"can be shown::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:277
msgid ""
">>> print(f'{theta=}  {cos(radians(theta))=:.3f}')\n"
"theta=30  cos(radians(theta))=0.866"
msgstr ""
">>> print(f'{theta=}  {cos(radians(theta))=:.3f}')\n"
"theta=30  cos(radians(theta))=0.866"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:280
msgid "(Contributed by Eric V. Smith and Larry Hastings in :issue:`36817`.)"
msgstr "（由 Eric V. Smith 和 Larry Hastings 在 :issue:`36817` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:284
msgid "PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:286
msgid ""
"The PEP adds an Audit Hook and Verified Open Hook. Both are available from "
"Python and native code, allowing applications and frameworks written in pure "
"Python code to take advantage of extra notifications, while also allowing "
"embedders or system administrators to deploy builds of Python where auditing "
"is always enabled."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:292
msgid "See :pep:`578` for full details."
msgstr "完整細節請見 :pep:`578`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:296
msgid "PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:298
msgid ""
"The :pep:`587` adds a new C API to configure the Python Initialization "
"providing finer control on the whole configuration and better error "
"reporting."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:301
msgid "New structures:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:303
msgid ":c:type:`PyConfig`"
msgstr ":c:type:`PyConfig`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:304
msgid ":c:type:`PyPreConfig`"
msgstr ":c:type:`PyPreConfig`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:305
msgid ":c:type:`PyStatus`"
msgstr ":c:type:`PyStatus`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:306
msgid ":c:type:`PyWideStringList`"
msgstr ":c:type:`PyWideStringList`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:308
msgid "New functions:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:310
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_Clear`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_Clear`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:311
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_InitIsolatedConfig`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_InitIsolatedConfig`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:312
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_InitPythonConfig`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_InitPythonConfig`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:313
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_Read`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_Read`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:314
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetArgv`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetArgv`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:315
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetBytesArgv`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetBytesArgv`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:316
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetBytesString`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetBytesString`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:317
msgid ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetString`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyConfig_SetString`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:318
msgid ":c:func:`PyPreConfig_InitIsolatedConfig`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyPreConfig_InitIsolatedConfig`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:319
msgid ":c:func:`PyPreConfig_InitPythonConfig`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyPreConfig_InitPythonConfig`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:320
msgid ":c:func:`PyStatus_Error`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyStatus_Error`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:321
msgid ":c:func:`PyStatus_Exception`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyStatus_Exception`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:322
msgid ":c:func:`PyStatus_Exit`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyStatus_Exit`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:323
msgid ":c:func:`PyStatus_IsError`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyStatus_IsError`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:324
msgid ":c:func:`PyStatus_IsExit`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyStatus_IsExit`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:325
msgid ":c:func:`PyStatus_NoMemory`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyStatus_NoMemory`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:326
msgid ":c:func:`PyStatus_Ok`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyStatus_Ok`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:327
msgid ":c:func:`PyWideStringList_Append`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyWideStringList_Append`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:328
msgid ":c:func:`PyWideStringList_Insert`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyWideStringList_Insert`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:329
msgid ":c:func:`Py_BytesMain`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_BytesMain`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:330
msgid ":c:func:`Py_ExitStatusException`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_ExitStatusException`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:331
msgid ":c:func:`Py_InitializeFromConfig`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_InitializeFromConfig`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:332
msgid ":c:func:`Py_PreInitialize`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_PreInitialize`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:333
msgid ":c:func:`Py_PreInitializeFromArgs`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_PreInitializeFromArgs`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:334
msgid ":c:func:`Py_PreInitializeFromBytesArgs`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_PreInitializeFromBytesArgs`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:335
msgid ":c:func:`Py_RunMain`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_RunMain`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:337
msgid ""
"This PEP also adds ``_PyRuntimeState.preconfig`` (:c:type:`PyPreConfig` "
"type) and ``PyInterpreterState.config`` (:c:type:`PyConfig` type) fields to "
"these internal structures. ``PyInterpreterState.config`` becomes the new "
"reference configuration, replacing global configuration variables and other "
"private variables."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:343
msgid ""
"See :ref:`Python Initialization Configuration <init-config>` for the "
"documentation."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:346
msgid "See :pep:`587` for a full description."
msgstr "完整敘述請見 :pep:`587`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:348
msgid "(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`36763`.)"
msgstr "（由 Victor Stinner 在 :issue:`36763` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:352
msgid "PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:354
msgid ""
":ref:`vectorcall` is added to the Python/C API. It is meant to formalize "
"existing optimizations which were already done for various classes. Any :ref:"
"`static type <static-types>` implementing a callable can use this protocol."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:360
msgid ""
"This is currently provisional. The aim is to make it fully public in Python "
"3.9."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:363
msgid "See :pep:`590` for a full description."
msgstr "完整敘述請見 :pep:`590`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:365
msgid ""
"(Contributed by Jeroen Demeyer, Mark Shannon and Petr Viktorin in :issue:"
"`36974`.)"
msgstr ""
"（由 Jeroen Demeyer、Mark Shannon 和 Petr Viktorin 在 :issue:`36974` 中貢"
"獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:369
msgid "Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:371
msgid ""
"When :mod:`pickle` is used to transfer large data between Python processes "
"in order to take advantage of multi-core or multi-machine processing, it is "
"important to optimize the transfer by reducing memory copies, and possibly "
"by applying custom techniques such as data-dependent compression."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:376
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pickle` protocol 5 introduces support for out-of-band buffers "
"where :pep:`3118`-compatible data can be transmitted separately from the "
"main pickle stream, at the discretion of the communication layer."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:380
msgid "See :pep:`574` for a full description."
msgstr "完整敘述請見 :pep:`574`。"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:382
msgid "(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`36785`.)"
msgstr "（由 Antoine Pitrou 在 :issue:`36785` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:386
msgid "Other Language Changes"
msgstr "其他語言更動"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:388
msgid ""
"A :keyword:`continue` statement was illegal in the :keyword:`finally` clause "
"due to a problem with the implementation.  In Python 3.8 this restriction "
"was lifted. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`32489`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:393
msgid ""
"The :class:`bool`, :class:`int`, and :class:`fractions.Fraction` types now "
"have an :meth:`~int.as_integer_ratio` method like that found in :class:"
"`float` and :class:`decimal.Decimal`.  This minor API extension makes it "
"possible to write ``numerator, denominator = x.as_integer_ratio()`` and have "
"it work across multiple numeric types. (Contributed by Lisa Roach in :issue:"
"`33073` and Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`37819`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:401
msgid ""
"Constructors of :class:`int`, :class:`float` and :class:`complex` will now "
"use the :meth:`~object.__index__` special method, if available and the "
"corresponding method :meth:`~object.__int__`, :meth:`~object.__float__` or :"
"meth:`~object.__complex__` is not available. (Contributed by Serhiy "
"Storchaka in :issue:`20092`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:407
msgid ""
"Added support of :samp:`\\\\N\\\\{{name}\\\\}` escapes in :mod:`regular "
"expressions <re>`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:409
msgid ""
">>> notice = 'Copyright © 2019'\n"
">>> copyright_year_pattern = re.compile(r'\\N{copyright sign}\\s*(\\d{4})')\n"
">>> int(copyright_year_pattern.search(notice).group(1))\n"
"2019"
msgstr ""
">>> notice = 'Copyright © 2019'\n"
">>> copyright_year_pattern = re.compile(r'\\N{copyright sign}\\s*(\\d{4})')\n"
">>> int(copyright_year_pattern.search(notice).group(1))\n"
"2019"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:414
msgid ""
"(Contributed by Jonathan Eunice and Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`30688`.)"
msgstr "（由 Jonathan Eunice 和 Serhiy Storchaka 在 :issue:`30688` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:416
msgid ""
"Dict and dictviews are now iterable in reversed insertion order using :func:"
"`reversed`. (Contributed by Rémi Lapeyre in :issue:`33462`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:419
msgid ""
"The syntax allowed for keyword names in function calls was further "
"restricted. In particular, ``f((keyword)=arg)`` is no longer allowed. It was "
"never intended to permit more than a bare name on the left-hand side of a "
"keyword argument assignment term. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in :"
"issue:`34641`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:425
msgid ""
"Generalized iterable unpacking in :keyword:`yield` and :keyword:`return` "
"statements no longer requires enclosing parentheses. This brings the *yield* "
"and *return* syntax into better agreement with normal assignment syntax::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:430
msgid ""
">>> def parse(family):\n"
"        lastname, *members = family.split()\n"
"        return lastname.upper(), *members\n"
"\n"
">>> parse('simpsons homer marge bart lisa maggie')\n"
"('SIMPSONS', 'homer', 'marge', 'bart', 'lisa', 'maggie')"
msgstr ""
">>> def parse(family):\n"
"        lastname, *members = family.split()\n"
"        return lastname.upper(), *members\n"
"\n"
">>> parse('simpsons homer marge bart lisa maggie')\n"
"('SIMPSONS', 'homer', 'marge', 'bart', 'lisa', 'maggie')"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:437
msgid "(Contributed by David Cuthbert and Jordan Chapman in :issue:`32117`.)"
msgstr "（由 David Cuthbert 和 Jordan Chapman 在 :issue:`32117` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:439
msgid ""
"When a comma is missed in code such as ``[(10, 20) (30, 40)]``, the compiler "
"displays a :exc:`SyntaxWarning` with a helpful suggestion. This improves on "
"just having a :exc:`TypeError` indicating that the first tuple was not "
"callable.  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`15248`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:445
msgid ""
"Arithmetic operations between subclasses of :class:`datetime.date` or :class:"
"`datetime.datetime` and :class:`datetime.timedelta` objects now return an "
"instance of the subclass, rather than the base class. This also affects the "
"return type of operations whose implementation (directly or indirectly) "
"uses :class:`datetime.timedelta` arithmetic, such as :meth:`~datetime."
"datetime.astimezone`. (Contributed by Paul Ganssle in :issue:`32417`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:453
msgid ""
"When the Python interpreter is interrupted by Ctrl-C (SIGINT) and the "
"resulting :exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception is not caught, the Python "
"process now exits via a SIGINT signal or with the correct exit code such "
"that the calling process can detect that it died due to a Ctrl-C.  Shells on "
"POSIX and Windows use this to properly terminate scripts in interactive "
"sessions. (Contributed by Google via Gregory P. Smith in :issue:`1054041`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:460
msgid ""
"Some advanced styles of programming require updating the :class:`types."
"CodeType` object for an existing function.  Since code objects are "
"immutable, a new code object needs to be created, one that is modeled on the "
"existing code object.  With 19 parameters, this was somewhat tedious.  Now, "
"the new ``replace()`` method makes it possible to create a clone with a few "
"altered parameters."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:467
msgid ""
"Here's an example that alters the :func:`statistics.mean` function to "
"prevent the *data* parameter from being used as a keyword argument::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:470
msgid ""
">>> from statistics import mean\n"
">>> mean(data=[10, 20, 90])\n"
"40\n"
">>> mean.__code__ = mean.__code__.replace(co_posonlyargcount=1)\n"
">>> mean(data=[10, 20, 90])\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: mean() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword "
"arguments: 'data'"
msgstr ""
">>> from statistics import mean\n"
">>> mean(data=[10, 20, 90])\n"
"40\n"
">>> mean.__code__ = mean.__code__.replace(co_posonlyargcount=1)\n"
">>> mean(data=[10, 20, 90])\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"  ...\n"
"TypeError: mean() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword "
"arguments: 'data'"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:479
msgid "(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`37032`.)"
msgstr "（由 Victor Stinner 在 :issue:`37032` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:481
msgid ""
"For integers, the three-argument form of the :func:`pow` function now "
"permits the exponent to be negative in the case where the base is relatively "
"prime to the modulus. It then computes a modular inverse to the base when "
"the exponent is ``-1``, and a suitable power of that inverse for other "
"negative exponents.  For example, to compute the `modular multiplicative "
"inverse <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse>`_ of "
"38 modulo 137, write::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:490
msgid ""
">>> pow(38, -1, 137)\n"
"119\n"
">>> 119 * 38 % 137\n"
"1"
msgstr ""
">>> pow(38, -1, 137)\n"
"119\n"
">>> 119 * 38 % 137\n"
"1"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:495
msgid ""
"Modular inverses arise in the solution of `linear Diophantine equations "
"<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_equation>`_. For example, to find "
"integer solutions for ``4258𝑥 + 147𝑦 = 369``, first rewrite as ``4258𝑥 ≡ 369 "
"(mod 147)`` then solve:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:505
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson in :issue:`36027`.)"
msgstr "（由 Mark Dickinson 在 :issue:`36027` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:507
msgid ""
"Dict comprehensions have been synced-up with dict literals so that the key "
"is computed first and the value second::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:510
msgid ""
">>> # Dict comprehension\n"
">>> cast = {input('role? '): input('actor? ') for i in range(2)}\n"
"role? King Arthur\n"
"actor? Chapman\n"
"role? Black Knight\n"
"actor? Cleese\n"
"\n"
">>> # Dict literal\n"
">>> cast = {input('role? '): input('actor? ')}\n"
"role? Sir Robin\n"
"actor? Eric Idle"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:522
msgid ""
"The guaranteed execution order is helpful with assignment expressions "
"because variables assigned in the key expression will be available in the "
"value expression::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:526
msgid ""
">>> names = ['Martin von Löwis', 'Łukasz Langa', 'Walter Dörwald']\n"
">>> {(n := normalize('NFC', name)).casefold() : n for name in names}\n"
"{'martin von löwis': 'Martin von Löwis',\n"
" 'łukasz langa': 'Łukasz Langa',\n"
" 'walter dörwald': 'Walter Dörwald'}"
msgstr ""
">>> names = ['Martin von Löwis', 'Łukasz Langa', 'Walter Dörwald']\n"
">>> {(n := normalize('NFC', name)).casefold() : n for name in names}\n"
"{'martin von löwis': 'Martin von Löwis',\n"
" 'łukasz langa': 'Łukasz Langa',\n"
" 'walter dörwald': 'Walter Dörwald'}"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:532
msgid "(Contributed by Jörn Heissler in :issue:`35224`.)"
msgstr "（由 Jörn Heissler 在 :issue:`35224` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:534
msgid ""
"The :meth:`object.__reduce__` method can now return a tuple from two to six "
"elements long. Formerly, five was the limit.  The new, optional sixth "
"element is a callable with a ``(obj, state)`` signature.  This allows the "
"direct control over the state-updating behavior of a specific object.  If "
"not *None*, this callable will have priority over the object's :meth:"
"`~__setstate__` method. (Contributed by Pierre Glaser and Olivier Grisel in :"
"issue:`35900`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:543
msgid "New Modules"
msgstr "新增模組"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:545
msgid ""
"The new :mod:`importlib.metadata` module provides (provisional) support for "
"reading metadata from third-party packages.  For example, it can extract an "
"installed package's version number, list of entry points, and more::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:549
msgid ""
">>> # Note following example requires that the popular \"requests\"\n"
">>> # package has been installed.\n"
">>>\n"
">>> from importlib.metadata import version, requires, files\n"
">>> version('requests')\n"
"'2.22.0'\n"
">>> list(requires('requests'))\n"
"['chardet (<3.1.0,>=3.0.2)']\n"
">>> list(files('requests'))[:5]\n"
"[PackagePath('requests-2.22.0.dist-info/INSTALLER'),\n"
" PackagePath('requests-2.22.0.dist-info/LICENSE'),\n"
" PackagePath('requests-2.22.0.dist-info/METADATA'),\n"
" PackagePath('requests-2.22.0.dist-info/RECORD'),\n"
" PackagePath('requests-2.22.0.dist-info/WHEEL')]"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:564
msgid "(Contributed by Barry Warsaw and Jason R. Coombs in :issue:`34632`.)"
msgstr "（由 Barry Warsaw 和 Jason R. Coombs 在 :issue:`34632` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:568
msgid "Improved Modules"
msgstr "改進的模組"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:571
msgid "ast"
msgstr "ast"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:573
msgid ""
"AST nodes now have ``end_lineno`` and ``end_col_offset`` attributes, which "
"give the precise location of the end of the node.  (This only applies to "
"nodes that have ``lineno`` and ``col_offset`` attributes.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:577
msgid ""
"New function :func:`ast.get_source_segment` returns the source code for a "
"specific AST node."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:580
msgid "(Contributed by Ivan Levkivskyi in :issue:`33416`.)"
msgstr "（由 Ivan Levkivskyi 在 :issue:`33416` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:582
msgid "The :func:`ast.parse` function has some new flags:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:584
msgid ""
"``type_comments=True`` causes it to return the text of :pep:`484` and :pep:"
"`526` type comments associated with certain AST nodes;"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:587
msgid ""
"``mode='func_type'`` can be used to parse :pep:`484` \"signature type "
"comments\" (returned for function definition AST nodes);"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:590
msgid ""
"``feature_version=(3, N)`` allows specifying an earlier Python 3 version.  "
"For example, ``feature_version=(3, 4)`` will treat :keyword:`async` and :"
"keyword:`await` as non-reserved words."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:594
msgid "(Contributed by Guido van Rossum in :issue:`35766`.)"
msgstr "（由 Guido van Rossum 在 :issue:`35766` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:598
msgid "asyncio"
msgstr "asyncio"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:600
msgid ""
":func:`asyncio.run` has graduated from the provisional to stable API. This "
"function can be used to execute a :term:`coroutine` and return the result "
"while automatically managing the event loop. For example::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:604
msgid ""
"import asyncio\n"
"\n"
"async def main():\n"
"    await asyncio.sleep(0)\n"
"    return 42\n"
"\n"
"asyncio.run(main())"
msgstr ""
"import asyncio\n"
"\n"
"async def main():\n"
"    await asyncio.sleep(0)\n"
"    return 42\n"
"\n"
"asyncio.run(main())"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:612
msgid "This is *roughly* equivalent to::"
msgstr "這\\ *大致*\\ 等價於： ::"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:614
msgid ""
"import asyncio\n"
"\n"
"async def main():\n"
"    await asyncio.sleep(0)\n"
"    return 42\n"
"\n"
"loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()\n"
"asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)\n"
"try:\n"
"    loop.run_until_complete(main())\n"
"finally:\n"
"    asyncio.set_event_loop(None)\n"
"    loop.close()"
msgstr ""
"import asyncio\n"
"\n"
"async def main():\n"
"    await asyncio.sleep(0)\n"
"    return 42\n"
"\n"
"loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()\n"
"asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)\n"
"try:\n"
"    loop.run_until_complete(main())\n"
"finally:\n"
"    asyncio.set_event_loop(None)\n"
"    loop.close()"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:629
msgid ""
"The actual implementation is significantly more complex. Thus, :func:"
"`asyncio.run` should be the preferred way of running asyncio programs."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:632
msgid "(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in :issue:`32314`.)"
msgstr "（由 Yury Selivanov 在 :issue:`32314` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:634
msgid ""
"Running ``python -m asyncio`` launches a natively async REPL.  This allows "
"rapid experimentation with code that has a top-level :keyword:`await`.  "
"There is no longer a need to directly call ``asyncio.run()`` which would "
"spawn a new event loop on every invocation:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:639
msgid ""
"$ python -m asyncio\n"
"asyncio REPL 3.8.0\n"
"Use \"await\" directly instead of \"asyncio.run()\".\n"
"Type \"help\", \"copyright\", \"credits\" or \"license\" for more "
"information.\n"
">>> import asyncio\n"
">>> await asyncio.sleep(10, result='hello')\n"
"hello"
msgstr ""
"$ python -m asyncio\n"
"asyncio REPL 3.8.0\n"
"Use \"await\" directly instead of \"asyncio.run()\".\n"
"Type \"help\", \"copyright\", \"credits\" or \"license\" for more "
"information.\n"
">>> import asyncio\n"
">>> await asyncio.sleep(10, result='hello')\n"
"hello"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:649
msgid "(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in :issue:`37028`.)"
msgstr "（由 Yury Selivanov 在 :issue:`37028` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:651 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1970
msgid ""
"The exception :class:`asyncio.CancelledError` now inherits from :class:"
"`BaseException` rather than :class:`Exception` and no longer inherits from :"
"class:`concurrent.futures.CancelledError`. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov "
"in :issue:`32528`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:656
msgid ""
"On Windows, the default event loop is now :class:`~asyncio."
"ProactorEventLoop`. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`34687`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:659
msgid ""
":class:`~asyncio.ProactorEventLoop` now also supports UDP. (Contributed by "
"Adam Meily and Andrew Svetlov in :issue:`29883`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:662
msgid ""
":class:`~asyncio.ProactorEventLoop` can now be interrupted by :exc:"
"`KeyboardInterrupt` (\"CTRL+C\"). (Contributed by Vladimir Matveev in :issue:"
"`23057`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:666
msgid ""
"Added :meth:`asyncio.Task.get_coro` for getting the wrapped coroutine within "
"an :class:`asyncio.Task`. (Contributed by Alex Grönholm in :issue:`36999`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:670
msgid ""
"Asyncio tasks can now be named, either by passing the ``name`` keyword "
"argument to :func:`asyncio.create_task` or the :meth:`~asyncio.loop."
"create_task` event loop method, or by calling the :meth:`~asyncio.Task."
"set_name` method on the task object. The task name is visible in the "
"``repr()`` output of :class:`asyncio.Task` and can also be retrieved using "
"the :meth:`~asyncio.Task.get_name` method. (Contributed by Alex Grönholm in :"
"issue:`34270`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:678
msgid ""
"Added support for `Happy Eyeballs <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Happy_Eyeballs>`_ to :func:`asyncio.loop.create_connection`. To specify the "
"behavior, two new parameters have been added: *happy_eyeballs_delay* and "
"*interleave*. The Happy Eyeballs algorithm improves responsiveness in "
"applications that support IPv4 and IPv6 by attempting to simultaneously "
"connect using both. (Contributed by twisteroid ambassador in :issue:`33530`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:688
msgid "builtins"
msgstr "builtins（內建）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:690
msgid ""
"The :func:`compile` built-in has been improved to accept the ``ast."
"PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT`` flag. With this new flag passed, :func:"
"`compile` will allow top-level ``await``, ``async for`` and ``async with`` "
"constructs that are usually considered invalid syntax. Asynchronous code "
"object marked with the ``CO_COROUTINE`` flag may then be returned. "
"(Contributed by Matthias Bussonnier in :issue:`34616`)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:699
msgid "collections"
msgstr "collections"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:701
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~collections.somenamedtuple._asdict` method for :func:"
"`collections.namedtuple` now returns a :class:`dict` instead of a :class:"
"`collections.OrderedDict`. This works because regular dicts have guaranteed "
"ordering since Python 3.7. If the extra features of :class:`OrderedDict` are "
"required, the suggested remediation is to cast the result to the desired "
"type: ``OrderedDict(nt._asdict())``. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :"
"issue:`35864`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:711
msgid "cProfile"
msgstr "cProfile"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:713
msgid ""
"The :class:`cProfile.Profile <profile.Profile>` class can now be used as a "
"context manager. Profile a block of code by running::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:716
msgid ""
"import cProfile\n"
"\n"
"with cProfile.Profile() as profiler:\n"
"      # code to be profiled\n"
"      ..."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:722
msgid "(Contributed by Scott Sanderson in :issue:`29235`.)"
msgstr "（由 Scott Sanderson 在 :issue:`29235` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:726
msgid "csv"
msgstr "csv"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:728
msgid ""
"The :class:`csv.DictReader` now returns instances of :class:`dict` instead "
"of a :class:`collections.OrderedDict`.  The tool is now faster and uses less "
"memory while still preserving the field order. (Contributed by Michael Selik "
"in :issue:`34003`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:735
msgid "curses"
msgstr "curses"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:737
msgid ""
"Added a new variable holding structured version information for the "
"underlying ncurses library: :data:`~curses.ncurses_version`. (Contributed by "
"Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`31680`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:743
msgid "ctypes"
msgstr "ctypes"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:745
msgid ""
"On Windows, :class:`~ctypes.CDLL` and subclasses now accept a *winmode* "
"parameter to specify flags for the underlying ``LoadLibraryEx`` call. The "
"default flags are set to only load DLL dependencies from trusted locations, "
"including the path where the DLL is stored (if a full or partial path is "
"used to load the initial DLL) and paths added by :func:`~os."
"add_dll_directory`. (Contributed by Steve Dower in :issue:`36085`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:754
msgid "datetime"
msgstr "datetime"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:756
msgid ""
"Added new alternate constructors :meth:`datetime.date.fromisocalendar` and :"
"meth:`datetime.datetime.fromisocalendar`, which construct :class:`~datetime."
"date` and :class:`~datetime.datetime` objects respectively from ISO year, "
"week number, and weekday; these are the inverse of each class's "
"``isocalendar`` method. (Contributed by Paul Ganssle in :issue:`36004`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:764
msgid "functools"
msgstr "functools"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:766
msgid ""
":func:`functools.lru_cache` can now be used as a straight decorator rather "
"than as a function returning a decorator.  So both of these are now "
"supported::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:769
msgid ""
"@lru_cache\n"
"def f(x):\n"
"    ...\n"
"\n"
"@lru_cache(maxsize=256)\n"
"def f(x):\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""
"@lru_cache\n"
"def f(x):\n"
"    ...\n"
"\n"
"@lru_cache(maxsize=256)\n"
"def f(x):\n"
"    ..."

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:777
msgid "(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`36772`.)"
msgstr "（由 Raymond Hettinger 在 :issue:`36772` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:779
msgid ""
"Added a new :func:`functools.cached_property` decorator, for computed "
"properties cached for the life of the instance. ::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:782
msgid ""
"import functools\n"
"import statistics\n"
"\n"
"class Dataset:\n"
"   def __init__(self, sequence_of_numbers):\n"
"      self.data = sequence_of_numbers\n"
"\n"
"   @functools.cached_property\n"
"   def variance(self):\n"
"      return statistics.variance(self.data)"
msgstr ""
"import functools\n"
"import statistics\n"
"\n"
"class Dataset:\n"
"   def __init__(self, sequence_of_numbers):\n"
"      self.data = sequence_of_numbers\n"
"\n"
"   @functools.cached_property\n"
"   def variance(self):\n"
"      return statistics.variance(self.data)"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:793
msgid "(Contributed by Carl Meyer in :issue:`21145`)"
msgstr "（由 Carl Meyer 在 :issue:`21145` 中貢獻）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:796
msgid ""
"Added a new :func:`functools.singledispatchmethod` decorator that converts "
"methods into :term:`generic functions <generic function>` using :term:"
"`single dispatch`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:800
msgid ""
"from functools import singledispatchmethod\n"
"from contextlib import suppress\n"
"\n"
"class TaskManager:\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, tasks):\n"
"        self.tasks = list(tasks)\n"
"\n"
"    @singledispatchmethod\n"
"    def discard(self, value):\n"
"        with suppress(ValueError):\n"
"            self.tasks.remove(value)\n"
"\n"
"    @discard.register(list)\n"
"    def _(self, tasks):\n"
"        targets = set(tasks)\n"
"        self.tasks = [x for x in self.tasks if x not in targets]"
msgstr ""
"from functools import singledispatchmethod\n"
"from contextlib import suppress\n"
"\n"
"class TaskManager:\n"
"\n"
"    def __init__(self, tasks):\n"
"        self.tasks = list(tasks)\n"
"\n"
"    @singledispatchmethod\n"
"    def discard(self, value):\n"
"        with suppress(ValueError):\n"
"            self.tasks.remove(value)\n"
"\n"
"    @discard.register(list)\n"
"    def _(self, tasks):\n"
"        targets = set(tasks)\n"
"        self.tasks = [x for x in self.tasks if x not in targets]"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:818
msgid "(Contributed by Ethan Smith in :issue:`32380`)"
msgstr "（由 Ethan Smith 在 :issue:`32380` 中貢獻）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:821
msgid "gc"
msgstr "gc"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:823
msgid ""
":func:`~gc.get_objects` can now receive an optional *generation* parameter "
"indicating a generation to get objects from. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo "
"in :issue:`36016`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:829
msgid "gettext"
msgstr "gettext"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:831
msgid ""
"Added :func:`~gettext.pgettext` and its variants. (Contributed by Franz "
"Glasner, Éric Araujo, and Cheryl Sabella in :issue:`2504`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:836
msgid "gzip"
msgstr "gzip"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:838
msgid ""
"Added the *mtime* parameter to :func:`gzip.compress` for reproducible "
"output. (Contributed by Guo Ci Teo in :issue:`34898`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:841
msgid ""
"A :exc:`~gzip.BadGzipFile` exception is now raised instead of :exc:`OSError` "
"for certain types of invalid or corrupt gzip files. (Contributed by Filip "
"Gruszczyński, Michele Orrù, and Zackery Spytz in :issue:`6584`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:848
msgid "IDLE and idlelib"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:850
msgid ""
"Output over N lines (50 by default) is squeezed down to a button. N can be "
"changed in the PyShell section of the General page of the Settings dialog.  "
"Fewer, but possibly extra long, lines can be squeezed by right clicking on "
"the output.  Squeezed output can be expanded in place by double-clicking the "
"button or into the clipboard or a separate window by right-clicking the "
"button.  (Contributed by Tal Einat in :issue:`1529353`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:857
msgid ""
"Add \"Run Customized\" to the Run menu to run a module with customized "
"settings. Any command line arguments entered are added to sys.argv. They "
"also re-appear in the box for the next customized run.  One can also "
"suppress the normal Shell main module restart.  (Contributed by Cheryl "
"Sabella, Terry Jan Reedy, and others in :issue:`5680` and :issue:`37627`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:863
msgid ""
"Added optional line numbers for IDLE editor windows. Windows open without "
"line numbers unless set otherwise in the General tab of the configuration "
"dialog.  Line numbers for an existing window are shown and hidden in the "
"Options menu. (Contributed by Tal Einat and Saimadhav Heblikar in :issue:"
"`17535`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:869
msgid ""
"OS native encoding is now used for converting between Python strings and Tcl "
"objects. This allows IDLE to work with emoji and other non-BMP characters. "
"These characters can be displayed or copied and pasted to or from the "
"clipboard.  Converting strings from Tcl to Python and back now never fails. "
"(Many people worked on this for eight years but the problem was finally "
"solved by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`13153`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:876
msgid "New in 3.8.1:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:878
msgid ""
"Add option to toggle cursor blink off.  (Contributed by Zackery Spytz in :"
"issue:`4603`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:881
msgid ""
"Escape key now closes IDLE completion windows.  (Contributed by Johnny "
"Najera in :issue:`38944`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:884
msgid "The changes above have been backported to 3.7 maintenance releases."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:886
msgid ""
"Add keywords to module name completion list.  (Contributed by Terry J. Reedy "
"in :issue:`37765`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:890
msgid "inspect"
msgstr "inspect"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:892
msgid ""
"The :func:`inspect.getdoc` function can now find docstrings for "
"``__slots__`` if that attribute is a :class:`dict` where the values are "
"docstrings. This provides documentation options similar to what we already "
"have for :func:`property`, :func:`classmethod`, and :func:`staticmethod`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:897
msgid ""
"class AudioClip:\n"
"    __slots__ = {'bit_rate': 'expressed in kilohertz to one decimal place',\n"
"                 'duration': 'in seconds, rounded up to an integer'}\n"
"    def __init__(self, bit_rate, duration):\n"
"        self.bit_rate = round(bit_rate / 1000.0, 1)\n"
"        self.duration = ceil(duration)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:904
msgid "(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`36326`.)"
msgstr "（由 Raymond Hettinger 在 :issue:`36326` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:908
msgid "io"
msgstr "io"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:910
msgid ""
"In development mode (:option:`-X` ``env``) and in :ref:`debug build <debug-"
"build>`, the :class:`io.IOBase` finalizer now logs the exception if the "
"``close()`` method fails. The exception is ignored silently by default in "
"release build. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`18748`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:917
msgid "itertools"
msgstr "itertools"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:919
msgid ""
"The :func:`itertools.accumulate` function added an option *initial* keyword "
"argument to specify an initial value::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:922
msgid ""
">>> from itertools import accumulate\n"
">>> list(accumulate([10, 5, 30, 15], initial=1000))\n"
"[1000, 1010, 1015, 1045, 1060]"
msgstr ""
">>> from itertools import accumulate\n"
">>> list(accumulate([10, 5, 30, 15], initial=1000))\n"
"[1000, 1010, 1015, 1045, 1060]"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:926
msgid "(Contributed by Lisa Roach in :issue:`34659`.)"
msgstr "（由 Lisa Roach 在 :issue:`34659` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:930
msgid "json.tool"
msgstr "json.tool"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:932
msgid ""
"Add option ``--json-lines`` to parse every input line as a separate JSON "
"object. (Contributed by Weipeng Hong in :issue:`31553`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:937
msgid "logging"
msgstr "logging"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:939
msgid ""
"Added a *force* keyword argument to :func:`logging.basicConfig`. When set to "
"true, any existing handlers attached to the root logger are removed and "
"closed before carrying out the configuration specified by the other "
"arguments."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:944
msgid ""
"This solves a long-standing problem.  Once a logger or *basicConfig()* had "
"been called, subsequent calls to *basicConfig()* were silently ignored. This "
"made it difficult to update, experiment with, or teach the various logging "
"configuration options using the interactive prompt or a Jupyter notebook."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:950
msgid ""
"(Suggested by Raymond Hettinger, implemented by Donghee Na, and reviewed by "
"Vinay Sajip in :issue:`33897`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:955
msgid "math"
msgstr "math"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:957
msgid ""
"Added new function :func:`math.dist` for computing Euclidean distance "
"between two points.  (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`33089`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:960
msgid ""
"Expanded the :func:`math.hypot` function to handle multiple dimensions. "
"Formerly, it only supported the 2-D case. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger "
"in :issue:`33089`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:964
msgid ""
"Added new function, :func:`math.prod`, as analogous function to :func:`sum` "
"that returns the product of a 'start' value (default: 1) times an iterable "
"of numbers::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:968
msgid ""
">>> prior = 0.8\n"
">>> likelihoods = [0.625, 0.84, 0.30]\n"
">>> math.prod(likelihoods, start=prior)\n"
"0.126"
msgstr ""
">>> prior = 0.8\n"
">>> likelihoods = [0.625, 0.84, 0.30]\n"
">>> math.prod(likelihoods, start=prior)\n"
"0.126"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:973
msgid "(Contributed by Pablo Galindo in :issue:`35606`.)"
msgstr "（由 Pablo Galindo 在 :issue:`35606` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:975
msgid ""
"Added two new combinatoric functions :func:`math.perm` and :func:`math."
"comb`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:977
msgid ""
">>> math.perm(10, 3)    # Permutations of 10 things taken 3 at a time\n"
"720\n"
">>> math.comb(10, 3)    # Combinations of 10 things taken 3 at a time\n"
"120"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:982
msgid ""
"(Contributed by Yash Aggarwal, Keller Fuchs, Serhiy Storchaka, and Raymond "
"Hettinger in :issue:`37128`, :issue:`37178`, and :issue:`35431`.)"
msgstr ""
"（由 Yash Aggarwal、Keller Fuchs、Serhiy Storchaka 和 Raymond Hettinger 在 :"
"issue:`37128`、:issue:`37178` 和 :issue:`35431` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:985
msgid ""
"Added a new function :func:`math.isqrt` for computing accurate integer "
"square roots without conversion to floating point.  The new function "
"supports arbitrarily large integers.  It is faster than ``floor(sqrt(n))`` "
"but slower than :func:`math.sqrt`::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:990
msgid ""
">>> r = 650320427\n"
">>> s = r ** 2\n"
">>> isqrt(s - 1)         # correct\n"
"650320426\n"
">>> floor(sqrt(s - 1))   # incorrect\n"
"650320427"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:997
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson in :issue:`36887`.)"
msgstr "（由 Mark Dickinson 在 :issue:`36887` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:999
msgid ""
"The function :func:`math.factorial` no longer accepts arguments that are not "
"int-like. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in :issue:`33083`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1004
msgid "mmap"
msgstr "mmap"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1006
msgid ""
"The :class:`mmap.mmap` class now has an :meth:`~mmap.mmap.madvise` method to "
"access the ``madvise()`` system call. (Contributed by Zackery Spytz in :"
"issue:`32941`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1012
msgid "multiprocessing"
msgstr "multiprocessing"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1014
msgid ""
"Added new :mod:`multiprocessing.shared_memory` module. (Contributed by Davin "
"Potts in :issue:`35813`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1017
msgid ""
"On macOS, the *spawn* start method is now used by default. (Contributed by "
"Victor Stinner in :issue:`33725`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1022
msgid "os"
msgstr "os"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1024
msgid ""
"Added new function :func:`~os.add_dll_directory` on Windows for providing "
"additional search paths for native dependencies when importing extension "
"modules or loading DLLs using :mod:`ctypes`. (Contributed by Steve Dower in :"
"issue:`36085`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1029
msgid ""
"A new :func:`os.memfd_create` function was added to wrap the "
"``memfd_create()`` syscall. (Contributed by Zackery Spytz and Christian "
"Heimes in :issue:`26836`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1033
msgid ""
"On Windows, much of the manual logic for handling reparse points (including "
"symlinks and directory junctions) has been delegated to the operating "
"system. Specifically, :func:`os.stat` will now traverse anything supported "
"by the operating system, while :func:`os.lstat` will only open reparse "
"points that identify as \"name surrogates\" while others are opened as for :"
"func:`os.stat`. In all cases, :attr:`stat_result.st_mode` will only have "
"``S_IFLNK`` set for symbolic links and not other kinds of reparse points. To "
"identify other kinds of reparse point, check the new :attr:`stat_result."
"st_reparse_tag` attribute."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1042
msgid ""
"On Windows, :func:`os.readlink` is now able to read directory junctions. "
"Note that :func:`~os.path.islink` will return ``False`` for directory "
"junctions, and so code that checks ``islink`` first will continue to treat "
"junctions as directories, while code that handles errors from :func:`os."
"readlink` may now treat junctions as links."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1048 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1073
msgid "(Contributed by Steve Dower in :issue:`37834`.)"
msgstr "（由 Steve Dower 在 :issue:`37834` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1052
msgid "os.path"
msgstr "os.path"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1054
msgid ""
":mod:`os.path` functions that return a boolean result like :func:`~os.path."
"exists`, :func:`~os.path.lexists`, :func:`~os.path.isdir`, :func:`~os.path."
"isfile`, :func:`~os.path.islink`, and :func:`~os.path.ismount` now return "
"``False`` instead of raising :exc:`ValueError` or its subclasses :exc:"
"`UnicodeEncodeError` and :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError` for paths that contain "
"characters or bytes unrepresentable at the OS level. (Contributed by Serhiy "
"Storchaka in :issue:`33721`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1062 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1965
msgid ""
":func:`~os.path.expanduser` on Windows now prefers the :envvar:`USERPROFILE` "
"environment variable and does not use :envvar:`HOME`, which is not normally "
"set for regular user accounts. (Contributed by Anthony Sottile in :issue:"
"`36264`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1067
msgid ""
":func:`~os.path.isdir` on Windows no longer returns ``True`` for a link to a "
"non-existent directory."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1070
msgid ""
":func:`~os.path.realpath` on Windows now resolves reparse points, including "
"symlinks and directory junctions."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1077
msgid "pathlib"
msgstr "pathlib"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1079
msgid ""
":mod:`pathlib.Path` methods that return a boolean result like :meth:"
"`~pathlib.Path.exists`, :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_dir`, :meth:`~pathlib.Path."
"is_file`, :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_mount`, :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_symlink`, :"
"meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_block_device`, :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_char_device`, :"
"meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_fifo`, :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_socket` now return "
"``False`` instead of raising :exc:`ValueError` or its subclass :exc:"
"`UnicodeEncodeError` for paths that contain characters unrepresentable at "
"the OS level. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`33721`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1089
msgid ""
"Added :meth:`!pathlib.Path.link_to` which creates a hard link pointing to a "
"path. (Contributed by Joannah Nanjekye in :issue:`26978`) Note that "
"``link_to`` was deprecated in 3.10 and removed in 3.12 in favor of a "
"``hardlink_to`` method added in 3.10 which matches the semantics of the "
"existing ``symlink_to`` method."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1098
msgid "pickle"
msgstr "pickle"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1100
msgid ""
":mod:`pickle` extensions subclassing the C-optimized :class:`~pickle."
"Pickler` can now override the pickling logic of functions and classes by "
"defining the special :meth:`~pickle.Pickler.reducer_override` method. "
"(Contributed by Pierre Glaser and Olivier Grisel in :issue:`35900`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1107
msgid "plistlib"
msgstr "plistlib"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1109
msgid ""
"Added new :class:`plistlib.UID` and enabled support for reading and writing "
"NSKeyedArchiver-encoded binary plists. (Contributed by Jon Janzen in :issue:"
"`26707`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1115
msgid "pprint"
msgstr "pprint"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1117
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pprint` module added a *sort_dicts* parameter to several "
"functions. By default, those functions continue to sort dictionaries before "
"rendering or printing.  However, if *sort_dicts* is set to false, the "
"dictionaries retain the order that keys were inserted.  This can be useful "
"for comparison to JSON inputs during debugging."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1123
msgid ""
"In addition, there is a convenience new function, :func:`pprint.pp` that is "
"like :func:`pprint.pprint` but with *sort_dicts* defaulting to ``False``::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1126
msgid ""
">>> from pprint import pprint, pp\n"
">>> d = dict(source='input.txt', operation='filter', destination='output."
"txt')\n"
">>> pp(d, width=40)                  # Original order\n"
"{'source': 'input.txt',\n"
" 'operation': 'filter',\n"
" 'destination': 'output.txt'}\n"
">>> pprint(d, width=40)              # Keys sorted alphabetically\n"
"{'destination': 'output.txt',\n"
" 'operation': 'filter',\n"
" 'source': 'input.txt'}"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1137
msgid "(Contributed by Rémi Lapeyre in :issue:`30670`.)"
msgstr "（由 Rémi Lapeyre 在 :issue:`30670` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1141
msgid "py_compile"
msgstr "py_compile"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1143
msgid ""
":func:`py_compile.compile` now supports silent mode. (Contributed by Joannah "
"Nanjekye in :issue:`22640`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1148
msgid "shlex"
msgstr "shlex"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1150
msgid ""
"The new :func:`shlex.join` function acts as the inverse of :func:`shlex."
"split`. (Contributed by Bo Bayles in :issue:`32102`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1155
msgid "shutil"
msgstr "shutil"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1157
msgid ""
":func:`shutil.copytree` now accepts a new ``dirs_exist_ok`` keyword "
"argument. (Contributed by Josh Bronson in :issue:`20849`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1160
msgid ""
":func:`shutil.make_archive` now defaults to the modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) "
"format for new archives to improve portability and standards conformance, "
"inherited from the corresponding change to the :mod:`tarfile` module. "
"(Contributed by C.A.M. Gerlach in :issue:`30661`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1165
msgid ""
":func:`shutil.rmtree` on Windows now removes directory junctions without "
"recursively removing their contents first. (Contributed by Steve Dower in :"
"issue:`37834`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1171
msgid "socket"
msgstr "socket"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1173
msgid ""
"Added :meth:`~socket.create_server` and :meth:`~socket.has_dualstack_ipv6` "
"convenience functions to automate the necessary tasks usually involved when "
"creating a server socket, including accepting both IPv4 and IPv6 connections "
"on the same socket.  (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodolà in :issue:`17561`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1178
msgid ""
"The :func:`socket.if_nameindex`, :func:`socket.if_nametoindex`, and :func:"
"`socket.if_indextoname` functions have been implemented on Windows. "
"(Contributed by Zackery Spytz in :issue:`37007`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1184
msgid "ssl"
msgstr "ssl"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1186
msgid ""
"Added :attr:`~ssl.SSLContext.post_handshake_auth` to enable and :meth:`~ssl."
"SSLSocket.verify_client_post_handshake` to initiate TLS 1.3 post-handshake "
"authentication. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in :issue:`34670`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1193
msgid "statistics"
msgstr "statistics"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1195
msgid ""
"Added :func:`statistics.fmean` as a faster, floating-point variant of :func:"
"`statistics.mean`.  (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger and Steven D'Aprano "
"in :issue:`35904`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1199
msgid ""
"Added :func:`statistics.geometric_mean` (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger "
"in :issue:`27181`.)"
msgstr ""
"新增 :func:`statistics.geometric_mean`\\ （由 Raymond Hettinger 在 :issue:"
"`27181` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1202
msgid ""
"Added :func:`statistics.multimode` that returns a list of the most common "
"values. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`35892`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1205
msgid ""
"Added :func:`statistics.quantiles` that divides data or a distribution in to "
"equiprobable intervals (e.g. quartiles, deciles, or percentiles). "
"(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`36546`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1209
msgid ""
"Added :class:`statistics.NormalDist`, a tool for creating and manipulating "
"normal distributions of a random variable. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger "
"in :issue:`36018`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1215
msgid ""
">>> temperature_feb = NormalDist.from_samples([4, 12, -3, 2, 7, 14])\n"
">>> temperature_feb.mean\n"
"6.0\n"
">>> temperature_feb.stdev\n"
"6.356099432828281\n"
"\n"
">>> temperature_feb.cdf(3)            # Chance of being under 3 degrees\n"
"0.3184678262814532\n"
">>> # Relative chance of being 7 degrees versus 10 degrees\n"
">>> temperature_feb.pdf(7) / temperature_feb.pdf(10)\n"
"1.2039930378537762\n"
"\n"
">>> el_niño = NormalDist(4, 2.5)\n"
">>> temperature_feb += el_niño        # Add in a climate effect\n"
">>> temperature_feb\n"
"NormalDist(mu=10.0, sigma=6.830080526611674)\n"
"\n"
">>> temperature_feb * (9/5) + 32      # Convert to Fahrenheit\n"
"NormalDist(mu=50.0, sigma=12.294144947901014)\n"
">>> temperature_feb.samples(3)        # Generate random samples\n"
"[7.672102882379219, 12.000027119750287, 4.647488369766392]"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1239
msgid "sys"
msgstr "sys"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1241
msgid ""
"Add new :func:`sys.unraisablehook` function which can be overridden to "
"control how \"unraisable exceptions\" are handled. It is called when an "
"exception has occurred but there is no way for Python to handle it. For "
"example, when a destructor raises an exception or during garbage collection "
"(:func:`gc.collect`). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`36829`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1250 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2350
msgid "tarfile"
msgstr "tarfile"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1252
msgid ""
"The :mod:`tarfile` module now defaults to the modern pax (POSIX.1-2001) "
"format for new archives, instead of the previous GNU-specific one. This "
"improves cross-platform portability with a consistent encoding (UTF-8) in a "
"standardized and extensible format, and offers several other benefits. "
"(Contributed by C.A.M. Gerlach in :issue:`36268`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1260
msgid "threading"
msgstr "threading"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1262
msgid ""
"Add a new :func:`threading.excepthook` function which handles uncaught :meth:"
"`threading.Thread.run` exception. It can be overridden to control how "
"uncaught :meth:`threading.Thread.run` exceptions are handled. (Contributed "
"by Victor Stinner in :issue:`1230540`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1267
msgid ""
"Add a new :func:`threading.get_native_id` function and a :data:`~threading."
"Thread.native_id` attribute to the :class:`threading.Thread` class. These "
"return the native integral Thread ID of the current thread assigned by the "
"kernel. This feature is only available on certain platforms, see :func:"
"`get_native_id <threading.get_native_id>` for more information. (Contributed "
"by Jake Tesler in :issue:`36084`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1277
msgid "tokenize"
msgstr "tokenize"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1279
msgid ""
"The :mod:`tokenize` module now implicitly emits a ``NEWLINE`` token when "
"provided with input that does not have a trailing new line.  This behavior "
"now matches what the C tokenizer does internally. (Contributed by Ammar "
"Askar in :issue:`33899`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1286
msgid "tkinter"
msgstr "tkinter"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1288
msgid ""
"Added methods :meth:`~tkinter.Spinbox.selection_from`, :meth:`~tkinter."
"Spinbox.selection_present`, :meth:`~tkinter.Spinbox.selection_range` and :"
"meth:`~tkinter.Spinbox.selection_to` in the :class:`tkinter.Spinbox` class. "
"(Contributed by Juliette Monsel in :issue:`34829`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1295
msgid ""
"Added method :meth:`~tkinter.Canvas.moveto` in the :class:`tkinter.Canvas` "
"class. (Contributed by Juliette Monsel in :issue:`23831`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1299
msgid ""
"The :class:`tkinter.PhotoImage` class now has :meth:`~tkinter.PhotoImage."
"transparency_get` and :meth:`~tkinter.PhotoImage.transparency_set` methods.  "
"(Contributed by Zackery Spytz in :issue:`25451`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1306
msgid "time"
msgstr "time"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1308
msgid ""
"Added new clock :const:`~time.CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW` for macOS 10.12. "
"(Contributed by Joannah Nanjekye in :issue:`35702`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1313
msgid "typing"
msgstr "typing"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1315
msgid "The :mod:`typing` module incorporates several new features:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1317
msgid ""
"A dictionary type with per-key types.  See :pep:`589` and :class:`typing."
"TypedDict`. TypedDict uses only string keys.  By default, every key is "
"required to be present. Specify \"total=False\" to allow keys to be "
"optional::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1322
msgid ""
"class Location(TypedDict, total=False):\n"
"    lat_long: tuple\n"
"    grid_square: str\n"
"    xy_coordinate: tuple"
msgstr ""
"class Location(TypedDict, total=False):\n"
"    lat_long: tuple\n"
"    grid_square: str\n"
"    xy_coordinate: tuple"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1327
msgid ""
"Literal types.  See :pep:`586` and :class:`typing.Literal`. Literal types "
"indicate that a parameter or return value is constrained to one or more "
"specific literal values::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1331
msgid ""
"def get_status(port: int) -> Literal['connected', 'disconnected']:\n"
"    ..."
msgstr ""
"def get_status(port: int) -> Literal['connected', 'disconnected']:\n"
"    ..."

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1334
msgid ""
"\"Final\" variables, functions, methods and classes.  See :pep:`591`, :class:"
"`typing.Final` and :func:`typing.final`. The final qualifier instructs a "
"static type checker to restrict subclassing, overriding, or reassignment::"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1339
msgid "pi: Final[float] = 3.1415926536"
msgstr "pi: Final[float] = 3.1415926536"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1341
msgid ""
"Protocol definitions.  See :pep:`544`, :class:`typing.Protocol` and :func:"
"`typing.runtime_checkable`.  Simple ABCs like :class:`typing.SupportsInt` "
"are now ``Protocol`` subclasses."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1345
msgid "New protocol class :class:`typing.SupportsIndex`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1347
msgid "New functions :func:`typing.get_origin` and :func:`typing.get_args`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1351
msgid "unicodedata"
msgstr "unicodedata"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1353
msgid ""
"The :mod:`unicodedata` module has been upgraded to use the `Unicode 12.1.0 "
"<https://blog.unicode.org/2019/05/unicode-12-1-en.html>`_ release."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1356
msgid ""
"New function :func:`~unicodedata.is_normalized` can be used to verify a "
"string is in a specific normal form, often much faster than by actually "
"normalizing the string.  (Contributed by Max Belanger, David Euresti, and "
"Greg Price in :issue:`32285` and :issue:`37966`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1363
msgid "unittest"
msgstr "unittest"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1365
msgid ""
"Added :class:`~unittest.mock.AsyncMock` to support an asynchronous version "
"of :class:`~unittest.mock.Mock`.  Appropriate new assert functions for "
"testing have been added as well. (Contributed by Lisa Roach in :issue:"
"`26467`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1370
msgid ""
"Added :func:`~unittest.addModuleCleanup` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase."
"addClassCleanup` to unittest to support cleanups for :func:`~unittest."
"setUpModule` and :meth:`~unittest.TestCase.setUpClass`. (Contributed by Lisa "
"Roach in :issue:`24412`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1376
msgid ""
"Several mock assert functions now also print a list of actual calls upon "
"failure. (Contributed by Petter Strandmark in :issue:`35047`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1379
msgid ""
":mod:`unittest` module gained support for coroutines to be used as test "
"cases with :class:`unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase`. (Contributed by Andrew "
"Svetlov in :issue:`32972`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1383
msgid "Example::"
msgstr "範例： ::"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1385
msgid ""
"import unittest\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"class TestRequest(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):\n"
"\n"
"    async def asyncSetUp(self):\n"
"        self.connection = await AsyncConnection()\n"
"\n"
"    async def test_get(self):\n"
"        response = await self.connection.get(\"https://example.com\")\n"
"        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n"
"\n"
"    async def asyncTearDown(self):\n"
"        await self.connection.close()\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n"
"    unittest.main()"
msgstr ""
"import unittest\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"class TestRequest(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):\n"
"\n"
"    async def asyncSetUp(self):\n"
"        self.connection = await AsyncConnection()\n"
"\n"
"    async def test_get(self):\n"
"        response = await self.connection.get(\"https://example.com\")\n"
"        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)\n"
"\n"
"    async def asyncTearDown(self):\n"
"        await self.connection.close()\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n"
"    unittest.main()"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1406
msgid "venv"
msgstr "venv"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1408
msgid ""
":mod:`venv` now includes an ``Activate.ps1`` script on all platforms for "
"activating virtual environments under PowerShell Core 6.1. (Contributed by "
"Brett Cannon in :issue:`32718`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1414
msgid "weakref"
msgstr "weakref"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1416
msgid ""
"The proxy objects returned by :func:`weakref.proxy` now support the matrix "
"multiplication operators ``@`` and ``@=`` in addition to the other numeric "
"operators. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in :issue:`36669`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1422
msgid "xml"
msgstr "xml"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1424
msgid ""
"As mitigation against DTD and external entity retrieval, the :mod:`xml.dom."
"minidom` and :mod:`xml.sax` modules no longer process external entities by "
"default. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in :issue:`17239`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1429
msgid ""
"The ``.find*()`` methods in the :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` module support "
"wildcard searches like ``{*}tag`` which ignores the namespace and "
"``{namespace}*`` which returns all tags in the given namespace. (Contributed "
"by Stefan Behnel in :issue:`28238`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1434
msgid ""
"The :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` module provides a new function :func:`–xml."
"etree.ElementTree.canonicalize` that implements C14N 2.0. (Contributed by "
"Stefan Behnel in :issue:`13611`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1438
msgid ""
"The target object of :class:`xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser` can receive "
"namespace declaration events through the new callback methods ``start_ns()`` "
"and ``end_ns()``.  Additionally, the :class:`xml.etree.ElementTree."
"TreeBuilder` target can be configured to process events about comments and "
"processing instructions to include them in the generated tree. (Contributed "
"by Stefan Behnel in :issue:`36676` and :issue:`36673`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1448
msgid "xmlrpc"
msgstr "xmlrpc"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1450
msgid ""
":class:`xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy` now supports an optional *headers* "
"keyword argument for a sequence of HTTP headers to be sent with each "
"request.  Among other things, this makes it possible to upgrade from default "
"basic authentication to faster session authentication. (Contributed by "
"Cédric Krier in :issue:`35153`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1458
msgid "Optimizations"
msgstr "最佳化"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1460
msgid ""
"The :mod:`subprocess` module can now use the :func:`os.posix_spawn` function "
"in some cases for better performance. Currently, it is only used on macOS "
"and Linux (using glibc 2.24 or newer) if all these conditions are met:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1464
msgid "*close_fds* is false;"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1465
msgid ""
"*preexec_fn*, *pass_fds*, *cwd* and *start_new_session* parameters are not "
"set;"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1467
msgid "the *executable* path contains a directory."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1469
msgid "(Contributed by Joannah Nanjekye and Victor Stinner in :issue:`35537`.)"
msgstr "（由 Joannah Nanjekye 和 Victor Stinner 在 :issue:`35537` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1471
msgid ""
":func:`shutil.copyfile`, :func:`shutil.copy`, :func:`shutil.copy2`, :func:"
"`shutil.copytree` and :func:`shutil.move` use platform-specific \"fast-"
"copy\" syscalls on Linux and macOS in order to copy the file more "
"efficiently. \"fast-copy\" means that the copying operation occurs within "
"the kernel, avoiding the use of userspace buffers in Python as in \"``outfd."
"write(infd.read())``\". On Windows :func:`shutil.copyfile` uses a bigger "
"default buffer size (1 MiB instead of 16 KiB) and a :func:`memoryview`-based "
"variant of :func:`shutil.copyfileobj` is used. The speedup for copying a 512 "
"MiB file within the same partition is about +26% on Linux, +50% on macOS and "
"+40% on Windows. Also, much less CPU cycles are consumed. See :ref:`shutil-"
"platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations` section. (Contributed by "
"Giampaolo Rodolà in :issue:`33671`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1487
msgid ""
":func:`shutil.copytree` uses :func:`os.scandir` function and all copy "
"functions depending from it use cached :func:`os.stat` values. The speedup "
"for copying a directory with 8000 files is around +9% on Linux, +20% on "
"Windows and +30% on a Windows SMB share. Also the number of :func:`os.stat` "
"syscalls is reduced by 38% making :func:`shutil.copytree` especially faster "
"on network filesystems. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodolà in :issue:`33695`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1494
msgid ""
"The default protocol in the :mod:`pickle` module is now Protocol 4, first "
"introduced in Python 3.4.  It offers better performance and smaller size "
"compared to Protocol 3 available since Python 3.0."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1498
msgid ""
"Removed one :c:type:`Py_ssize_t` member from ``PyGC_Head``.  All GC tracked "
"objects (e.g. tuple, list, dict) size is reduced 4 or 8 bytes. (Contributed "
"by Inada Naoki in :issue:`33597`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1502
msgid ""
":class:`uuid.UUID` now uses ``__slots__`` to reduce its memory footprint. "
"(Contributed by Wouter Bolsterlee and Tal Einat in :issue:`30977`)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1505
msgid ""
"Improved performance of :func:`operator.itemgetter` by 33%.  Optimized "
"argument handling and added a fast path for the common case of a single non-"
"negative integer index into a tuple (which is the typical use case in the "
"standard library).  (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`35664`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1511
msgid ""
"Sped-up field lookups in :func:`collections.namedtuple`.  They are now more "
"than two times faster, making them the fastest form of instance variable "
"lookup in Python. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger, Pablo Galindo, and Joe "
"Jevnik, Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`32492`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1516
msgid ""
"The :class:`list` constructor does not overallocate the internal item buffer "
"if the input iterable has a known length (the input implements ``__len__``). "
"This makes the created list 12% smaller on average. (Contributed by Raymond "
"Hettinger and Pablo Galindo in :issue:`33234`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1521
msgid ""
"Doubled the speed of class variable writes.  When a non-dunder attribute was "
"updated, there was an unnecessary call to update slots. (Contributed by "
"Stefan Behnel, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Raymond Hettinger, Neil Schemenauer, "
"and Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`36012`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1526
msgid ""
"Reduced an overhead of converting arguments passed to many builtin functions "
"and methods.  This sped up calling some simple builtin functions and methods "
"up to 20--50%.  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`23867`, :issue:"
"`35582` and :issue:`36127`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1531
msgid ""
"``LOAD_GLOBAL`` instruction now uses new \"per opcode cache\" mechanism. It "
"is about 40% faster now.  (Contributed by Yury Selivanov and Inada Naoki in :"
"issue:`26219`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1537
msgid "Build and C API Changes"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1539
msgid ""
"Default :data:`sys.abiflags` became an empty string: the ``m`` flag for "
"pymalloc became useless (builds with and without pymalloc are ABI "
"compatible) and so has been removed. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :"
"issue:`36707`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1543
msgid "Example of changes:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1545
msgid ""
"Only ``python3.8`` program is installed, ``python3.8m`` program is gone."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1546
msgid ""
"Only ``python3.8-config`` script is installed, ``python3.8m-config`` script "
"is gone."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1548
msgid ""
"The ``m`` flag has been removed from the suffix of dynamic library "
"filenames: extension modules in the standard library as well as those "
"produced and installed by third-party packages, like those downloaded from "
"PyPI. On Linux, for example, the Python 3.7 suffix ``.cpython-37m-x86_64-"
"linux-gnu.so`` became ``.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so`` in Python 3.8."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1555
msgid ""
"The header files have been reorganized to better separate the different "
"kinds of APIs:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1558
msgid "``Include/*.h`` should be the portable public stable C API."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1559
msgid ""
"``Include/cpython/*.h`` should be the unstable C API specific to CPython; "
"public API, with some private API prefixed by ``_Py`` or ``_PY``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1561
msgid ""
"``Include/internal/*.h`` is the private internal C API very specific to "
"CPython. This API comes with no backward compatibility warranty and should "
"not be used outside CPython. It is only exposed for very specific needs like "
"debuggers and profiles which has to access to CPython internals without "
"calling functions. This API is now installed by ``make install``."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1567
msgid ""
"(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`35134` and :issue:`35081`, work "
"initiated by Eric Snow in Python 3.7.)"
msgstr ""
"（由 Victor Stinner 在 :issue:`35134` 和 :issue:`35081` 中貢獻，該工作由 "
"Eric Snow 在 Python 3.7 中發起。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1570
msgid ""
"Some macros have been converted to static inline functions: parameter types "
"and return type are well defined, they don't have issues specific to macros, "
"variables have a local scopes. Examples:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1574
msgid ":c:func:`Py_INCREF`, :c:func:`Py_DECREF`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_INCREF`, :c:func:`Py_DECREF`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1575
msgid ":c:func:`Py_XINCREF`, :c:func:`Py_XDECREF`"
msgstr ":c:func:`Py_XINCREF`, :c:func:`Py_XDECREF`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1576
msgid ":c:func:`PyObject_INIT`, :c:func:`PyObject_INIT_VAR`"
msgstr ":c:func:`PyObject_INIT`, :c:func:`PyObject_INIT_VAR`"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1577
msgid ""
"Private functions: :c:func:`!_PyObject_GC_TRACK`, :c:func:`!"
"_PyObject_GC_UNTRACK`, :c:func:`!_Py_Dealloc`"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1580
msgid "(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`35059`.)"
msgstr "（由 Victor Stinner 在 :issue:`35059` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1582
msgid ""
"The :c:func:`!PyByteArray_Init` and :c:func:`!PyByteArray_Fini` functions "
"have been removed. They did nothing since Python 2.7.4 and Python 3.2.0, "
"were excluded from the limited API (stable ABI), and were not documented. "
"(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`35713`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1587
msgid ""
"The result of :c:func:`PyExceptionClass_Name` is now of type ``const char "
"*`` rather of ``char *``. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:"
"`33818`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1591
msgid ""
"The duality of ``Modules/Setup.dist`` and ``Modules/Setup`` has been "
"removed.  Previously, when updating the CPython source tree, one had to "
"manually copy ``Modules/Setup.dist`` (inside the source tree) to ``Modules/"
"Setup`` (inside the build tree) in order to reflect any changes upstream.  "
"This was of a small benefit to packagers at the expense of a frequent "
"annoyance to developers following CPython development, as forgetting to copy "
"the file could produce build failures."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1599
msgid ""
"Now the build system always reads from ``Modules/Setup`` inside the source "
"tree.  People who want to customize that file are encouraged to maintain "
"their changes in a git fork of CPython or as patch files, as they would do "
"for any other change to the source tree."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1604
msgid "(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`32430`.)"
msgstr "（由 Antoine Pitrou 在 :issue:`32430` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1606
msgid ""
"Functions that convert Python number to C integer like :c:func:"
"`PyLong_AsLong` and argument parsing functions like :c:func:"
"`PyArg_ParseTuple` with integer converting format units like ``'i'`` will "
"now use the :meth:`~object.__index__` special method instead of :meth:"
"`~object.__int__`, if available.  The deprecation warning will be emitted "
"for objects with the ``__int__()`` method but without the ``__index__()`` "
"method (like :class:`~decimal.Decimal` and :class:`~fractions.Fraction`).  :"
"c:func:`PyNumber_Check` will now return ``1`` for objects implementing "
"``__index__()``. :c:func:`PyNumber_Long`, :c:func:`PyNumber_Float` and :c:"
"func:`PyFloat_AsDouble` also now use the ``__index__()`` method if "
"available. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`36048` and :issue:"
"`20092`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1620
msgid ""
"Heap-allocated type objects will now increase their reference count in :c:"
"func:`PyObject_Init` (and its parallel macro ``PyObject_INIT``) instead of "
"in :c:func:`PyType_GenericAlloc`. Types that modify instance allocation or "
"deallocation may need to be adjusted. (Contributed by Eddie Elizondo in :"
"issue:`35810`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1626
msgid ""
"The new function :c:func:`!PyCode_NewWithPosOnlyArgs` allows to create code "
"objects like :c:func:`!PyCode_New`, but with an extra *posonlyargcount* "
"parameter for indicating the number of positional-only arguments. "
"(Contributed by Pablo Galindo in :issue:`37221`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1631
msgid ""
":c:func:`!Py_SetPath` now sets :data:`sys.executable` to the program full "
"path (:c:func:`Py_GetProgramFullPath`) rather than to the program name (:c:"
"func:`Py_GetProgramName`). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`38234`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1638
msgid "Deprecated"
msgstr "已棄用"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1640
msgid ""
"The distutils ``bdist_wininst`` command is now deprecated, use "
"``bdist_wheel`` (wheel packages) instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :"
"issue:`37481`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1644
msgid ""
"Deprecated methods ``getchildren()`` and ``getiterator()`` in the :mod:`~xml."
"etree.ElementTree` module now emit a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` instead of :"
"exc:`PendingDeprecationWarning`. They will be removed in Python 3.9. "
"(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`29209`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1650
msgid ""
"Passing an object that is not an instance of :class:`concurrent.futures."
"ThreadPoolExecutor` to :meth:`loop.set_default_executor() <asyncio.loop."
"set_default_executor>` is deprecated and will be prohibited in Python 3.9. "
"(Contributed by Elvis Pranskevichus in :issue:`34075`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1656
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~object.__getitem__` methods of :class:`xml.dom.pulldom."
"DOMEventStream`, :class:`wsgiref.util.FileWrapper` and :class:`fileinput."
"FileInput` have been deprecated."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1660
msgid ""
"Implementations of these methods have been ignoring their *index* parameter, "
"and returning the next item instead. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in :issue:"
"`9372`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1664
msgid ""
"The :class:`typing.NamedTuple` class has deprecated the ``_field_types`` "
"attribute in favor of the ``__annotations__`` attribute which has the same "
"information. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`36320`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1668
msgid ""
":mod:`ast` classes ``Num``, ``Str``, ``Bytes``, ``NameConstant`` and "
"``Ellipsis`` are considered deprecated and will be removed in future Python "
"versions. :class:`~ast.Constant` should be used instead. (Contributed by "
"Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`32892`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1673
msgid ""
":class:`ast.NodeVisitor` methods ``visit_Num()``, ``visit_Str()``, "
"``visit_Bytes()``, ``visit_NameConstant()`` and ``visit_Ellipsis()`` are "
"deprecated now and will not be called in future Python versions. Add the :"
"meth:`~ast.NodeVisitor.visit_Constant` method to handle all constant nodes. "
"(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`36917`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1680
msgid ""
"The :func:`asyncio.coroutine` :term:`decorator` is deprecated and will be "
"removed in version 3.10.  Instead of ``@asyncio.coroutine``, use :keyword:"
"`async def` instead. (Contributed by Andrew Svetlov in :issue:`36921`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1685
msgid ""
"In :mod:`asyncio`, the explicit passing of a *loop* argument has been "
"deprecated and will be removed in version 3.10 for the following: :func:"
"`asyncio.sleep`, :func:`asyncio.gather`, :func:`asyncio.shield`, :func:"
"`asyncio.wait_for`, :func:`asyncio.wait`, :func:`asyncio.as_completed`, :"
"class:`asyncio.Task`, :class:`asyncio.Lock`, :class:`asyncio.Event`, :class:"
"`asyncio.Condition`, :class:`asyncio.Semaphore`, :class:`asyncio."
"BoundedSemaphore`, :class:`asyncio.Queue`, :func:`asyncio."
"create_subprocess_exec`, and :func:`asyncio.create_subprocess_shell`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1695
msgid ""
"The explicit passing of coroutine objects to :func:`asyncio.wait` has been "
"deprecated and will be removed in version 3.11. (Contributed by Yury "
"Selivanov in :issue:`34790`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1699
msgid ""
"The following functions and methods are deprecated in the :mod:`gettext` "
"module: :func:`~gettext.lgettext`, :func:`~gettext.ldgettext`, :func:"
"`~gettext.lngettext` and :func:`~gettext.ldngettext`. They return encoded "
"bytes, and it's possible that you will get unexpected Unicode-related "
"exceptions if there are encoding problems with the translated strings. It's "
"much better to use alternatives which return Unicode strings in Python 3. "
"These functions have been broken for a long time."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1707
msgid ""
"Function :func:`~gettext.bind_textdomain_codeset`, methods :meth:`~gettext."
"NullTranslations.output_charset` and :meth:`~gettext.NullTranslations."
"set_output_charset`, and the *codeset* parameter of functions :func:"
"`~gettext.translation` and :func:`~gettext.install` are also deprecated, "
"since they are only used for the ``l*gettext()`` functions. (Contributed by "
"Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`33710`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1715
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~threading.Thread.isAlive` method of :class:`threading.Thread` "
"has been deprecated. (Contributed by Donghee Na in :issue:`35283`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1719
msgid ""
"Many builtin and extension functions that take integer arguments will now "
"emit a deprecation warning for :class:`~decimal.Decimal`\\ s, :class:"
"`~fractions.Fraction`\\ s and any other objects that can be converted to "
"integers only with a loss (e.g. that have the :meth:`~object.__int__` method "
"but do not have the :meth:`~object.__index__` method).  In future version "
"they will be errors. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`36048`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1727
msgid "Deprecated passing the following arguments as keyword arguments:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1729
msgid ""
"*func* in :func:`functools.partialmethod`, :func:`weakref.finalize`, :meth:"
"`profile.Profile.runcall`, :meth:`cProfile.Profile.runcall`, :meth:`bdb.Bdb."
"runcall`, :meth:`trace.Trace.runfunc` and :func:`curses.wrapper`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1733
msgid "*function* in :meth:`unittest.TestCase.addCleanup`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1734
msgid ""
"*fn* in the :meth:`~concurrent.futures.Executor.submit` method of :class:"
"`concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` and :class:`concurrent.futures."
"ProcessPoolExecutor`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1737
msgid ""
"*callback* in :meth:`contextlib.ExitStack.callback`, :meth:`contextlib."
"AsyncExitStack.callback` and :meth:`contextlib.AsyncExitStack."
"push_async_callback`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1740
msgid ""
"*c* and *typeid* in the :meth:`~multiprocessing.managers.Server.create` "
"method of :class:`multiprocessing.managers.Server` and :class:"
"`multiprocessing.managers.SharedMemoryServer`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1743
msgid "*obj* in :func:`weakref.finalize`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1745
msgid ""
"In future releases of Python, they will be :ref:`positional-only <positional-"
"only_parameter>`. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`36492`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1751
msgid "API and Feature Removals"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1753
msgid "The following features and APIs have been removed from Python 3.8:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1755
msgid ""
"Starting with Python 3.3, importing ABCs from :mod:`collections` was "
"deprecated, and importing should be done from :mod:`collections.abc`. Being "
"able to import from collections was marked for removal in 3.8, but has been "
"delayed to 3.9. (See :gh:`81134`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1760
msgid ""
"The :mod:`macpath` module, deprecated in Python 3.7, has been removed. "
"(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`35471`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1763 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1882
msgid ""
"The function :func:`platform.popen` has been removed, after having been "
"deprecated since Python 3.3: use :func:`os.popen` instead. (Contributed by "
"Victor Stinner in :issue:`35345`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1767
msgid ""
"The function :func:`time.clock` has been removed, after having been "
"deprecated since Python 3.3: use :func:`time.perf_counter` or :func:`time."
"process_time` instead, depending on your requirements, to have well-defined "
"behavior. (Contributed by Matthias Bussonnier in :issue:`36895`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1773
msgid ""
"The ``pyvenv`` script has been removed in favor of ``python3.8 -m venv`` to "
"help eliminate confusion as to what Python interpreter the ``pyvenv`` script "
"is tied to. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in :issue:`25427`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1777
msgid ""
"``parse_qs``, ``parse_qsl``, and ``escape`` are removed from the :mod:`!cgi` "
"module.  They are deprecated in Python 3.2 or older. They should be imported "
"from the ``urllib.parse`` and ``html`` modules instead."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1781
msgid ""
"``filemode`` function is removed from the :mod:`tarfile` module. It is not "
"documented and deprecated since Python 3.3."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1784
msgid ""
"The :class:`~xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser` constructor no longer accepts "
"the *html* argument.  It never had an effect and was deprecated in Python "
"3.4. All other parameters are now :ref:`keyword-only <keyword-"
"only_parameter>`. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`29209`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1789
msgid ""
"Removed the ``doctype()`` method of :class:`~xml.etree.ElementTree."
"XMLParser`. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`29209`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1792
msgid ""
"\"unicode_internal\" codec is removed. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in :issue:"
"`36297`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1795
msgid ""
"The ``Cache`` and ``Statement`` objects of the :mod:`sqlite3` module are not "
"exposed to the user. (Contributed by Aviv Palivoda in :issue:`30262`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1799
msgid ""
"The ``bufsize`` keyword argument of :func:`fileinput.input` and :func:"
"`fileinput.FileInput` which was ignored and deprecated since Python 3.6 has "
"been removed. :issue:`36952` (Contributed by Matthias Bussonnier.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1803
msgid ""
"The functions :func:`sys.set_coroutine_wrapper` and :func:`sys."
"get_coroutine_wrapper` deprecated in Python 3.7 have been removed; :issue:"
"`36933` (Contributed by Matthias Bussonnier.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1809
msgid "Porting to Python 3.8"
msgstr "移植至 Python 3.8"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1811
msgid ""
"This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may "
"require changes to your code."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1816
msgid "Changes in Python behavior"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1818
msgid ""
"Yield expressions (both ``yield`` and ``yield from`` clauses) are now "
"disallowed in comprehensions and generator expressions (aside from the "
"iterable expression in the leftmost :keyword:`!for` clause). (Contributed by "
"Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`10544`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1823
msgid ""
"The compiler now produces a :exc:`SyntaxWarning` when identity checks "
"(``is`` and ``is not``) are used with certain types of literals (e.g. "
"strings, numbers).  These can often work by accident in CPython, but are not "
"guaranteed by the language spec.  The warning advises users to use equality "
"tests (``==`` and ``!=``) instead. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :"
"issue:`34850`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1830
msgid ""
"The CPython interpreter can swallow exceptions in some circumstances. In "
"Python 3.8 this happens in fewer cases.  In particular, exceptions raised "
"when getting the attribute from the type dictionary are no longer ignored. "
"(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`35459`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1835
msgid ""
"Removed ``__str__`` implementations from builtin types :class:`bool`, :class:"
"`int`, :class:`float`, :class:`complex` and few classes from the standard "
"library.  They now inherit ``__str__()`` from :class:`object`. As result, "
"defining the ``__repr__()`` method in the subclass of these classes will "
"affect their string representation. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :"
"issue:`36793`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1842
msgid ""
"On AIX, :data:`sys.platform` doesn't contain the major version anymore. It "
"is always ``'aix'``, instead of ``'aix3'`` .. ``'aix7'``.  Since older "
"Python versions include the version number, so it is recommended to always "
"use ``sys.platform.startswith('aix')``. (Contributed by M. Felt in :issue:"
"`36588`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1848
msgid ""
":c:func:`!PyEval_AcquireLock` and :c:func:`!PyEval_AcquireThread` now "
"terminate the current thread if called while the interpreter is finalizing, "
"making them consistent with :c:func:`PyEval_RestoreThread`, :c:func:"
"`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS`, and :c:func:`PyGILState_Ensure`. If this behavior is "
"not desired, guard the call by checking :c:func:`!_Py_IsFinalizing` or :func:"
"`sys.is_finalizing`. (Contributed by Joannah Nanjekye in :issue:`36475`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1858 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2321
msgid "Changes in the Python API"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1860
msgid ""
"The :func:`os.getcwdb` function now uses the UTF-8 encoding on Windows, "
"rather than the ANSI code page: see :pep:`529` for the rationale. The "
"function is no longer deprecated on Windows. (Contributed by Victor Stinner "
"in :issue:`37412`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1865
msgid ""
":class:`subprocess.Popen` can now use :func:`os.posix_spawn` in some cases "
"for better performance. On Windows Subsystem for Linux and QEMU User "
"Emulation, the :class:`Popen` constructor using :func:`os.posix_spawn` no "
"longer raises an exception on errors like \"missing program\".  Instead the "
"child process fails with a non-zero :attr:`~Popen.returncode`. (Contributed "
"by Joannah Nanjekye and Victor Stinner in :issue:`35537`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1872
msgid ""
"The *preexec_fn* argument of * :class:`subprocess.Popen` is no longer "
"compatible with subinterpreters. The use of the parameter in a "
"subinterpreter now raises :exc:`RuntimeError`. (Contributed by Eric Snow in :"
"issue:`34651`, modified by Christian Heimes in :issue:`37951`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1878
msgid ""
"The :meth:`imap.IMAP4.logout` method no longer silently ignores arbitrary "
"exceptions. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`36348`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1886
msgid ""
"The :func:`statistics.mode` function no longer raises an exception when "
"given multimodal data.  Instead, it returns the first mode encountered in "
"the input data.  (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`35892`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1891
msgid ""
"The :meth:`~tkinter.ttk.Treeview.selection` method of the :class:`tkinter."
"ttk.Treeview` class no longer takes arguments.  Using it with arguments for "
"changing the selection was deprecated in Python 3.6.  Use specialized "
"methods like :meth:`~tkinter.ttk.Treeview.selection_set` for changing the "
"selection.  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`31508`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1897
msgid ""
"The :meth:`writexml`, :meth:`toxml` and :meth:`toprettyxml` methods of :mod:"
"`xml.dom.minidom`, and the :meth:`write` method of :mod:`xml.etree`, now "
"preserve the attribute order specified by the user. (Contributed by Diego "
"Rojas and Raymond Hettinger in :issue:`34160`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1902
msgid ""
"A :mod:`dbm.dumb` database opened with flags ``'r'`` is now read-only. :func:"
"`dbm.dumb.open` with flags ``'r'`` and ``'w'`` no longer creates a database "
"if it does not exist. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`32749`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1907
msgid ""
"The ``doctype()`` method defined in a subclass of :class:`~xml.etree."
"ElementTree.XMLParser` will no longer be called and will emit a :exc:"
"`RuntimeWarning` instead of a :exc:`DeprecationWarning`. Define the :meth:"
"`doctype() <xml.etree.ElementTree.TreeBuilder.doctype>` method on a target "
"for handling an XML doctype declaration. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka "
"in :issue:`29209`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1914
msgid ""
"A :exc:`RuntimeError` is now raised when the custom metaclass doesn't "
"provide the ``__classcell__`` entry in the namespace passed to ``type."
"__new__``.  A :exc:`DeprecationWarning` was emitted in Python 3.6--3.7.  "
"(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`23722`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1919
msgid ""
"The :class:`cProfile.Profile` class can now be used as a context manager. "
"(Contributed by Scott Sanderson in :issue:`29235`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1922
msgid ""
":func:`shutil.copyfile`, :func:`shutil.copy`, :func:`shutil.copy2`, :func:"
"`shutil.copytree` and :func:`shutil.move` use platform-specific \"fast-"
"copy\" syscalls (see :ref:`shutil-platform-dependent-efficient-copy-"
"operations` section)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1927
msgid ""
":func:`shutil.copyfile` default buffer size on Windows was changed from 16 "
"KiB to 1 MiB."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1930
msgid ""
"The ``PyGC_Head`` struct has changed completely.  All code that touched the "
"struct member should be rewritten.  (See :issue:`33597`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1933
msgid ""
"The :c:type:`PyInterpreterState` struct has been moved into the \"internal\" "
"header files (specifically Include/internal/pycore_pystate.h).  An opaque "
"``PyInterpreterState`` is still available as part of the public API (and "
"stable ABI).  The docs indicate that none of the struct's fields are public, "
"so we hope no one has been using them.  However, if you do rely on one or "
"more of those private fields and have no alternative then please open a BPO "
"issue.  We'll work on helping you adjust (possibly including adding accessor "
"functions to the public API).  (See :issue:`35886`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1943
msgid ""
"The :meth:`mmap.flush() <mmap.mmap.flush>` method now returns ``None`` on "
"success and raises an exception on error under all platforms.  Previously, "
"its behavior was platform-dependent: a nonzero value was returned on "
"success; zero was returned on error under Windows.  A zero value was "
"returned on success; an exception was raised on error under Unix. "
"(Contributed by Berker Peksag in :issue:`2122`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1950
msgid ""
":mod:`xml.dom.minidom` and :mod:`xml.sax` modules no longer process external "
"entities by default. (Contributed by Christian Heimes in :issue:`17239`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1954
msgid ""
"Deleting a key from a read-only :mod:`dbm` database (:mod:`dbm.dumb`, :mod:"
"`dbm.gnu` or :mod:`dbm.ndbm`) raises :attr:`error` (:exc:`dbm.dumb.error`, :"
"exc:`dbm.gnu.error` or :exc:`dbm.ndbm.error`) instead of :exc:`KeyError`. "
"(Contributed by Xiang Zhang in :issue:`33106`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1959
msgid ""
"Simplified AST for literals.  All constants will be represented as :class:"
"`ast.Constant` instances.  Instantiating old classes ``Num``, ``Str``, "
"``Bytes``, ``NameConstant`` and ``Ellipsis`` will return an instance of "
"``Constant``. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`32892`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1975
msgid ""
"The function :func:`asyncio.wait_for` now correctly waits for cancellation "
"when using an instance of :class:`asyncio.Task`. Previously, upon reaching "
"*timeout*, it was cancelled and immediately returned. (Contributed by Elvis "
"Pranskevichus in :issue:`32751`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1980
msgid ""
"The function :func:`asyncio.BaseTransport.get_extra_info` now returns a safe "
"to use socket object when 'socket' is passed to the *name* parameter. "
"(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in :issue:`37027`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1984
msgid ":class:`asyncio.BufferedProtocol` has graduated to the stable API."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:1988
msgid ""
"DLL dependencies for extension modules and DLLs loaded with :mod:`ctypes` on "
"Windows are now resolved more securely. Only the system paths, the directory "
"containing the DLL or PYD file, and directories added with :func:`~os."
"add_dll_directory` are searched for load-time dependencies. Specifically, :"
"envvar:`PATH` and the current working directory are no longer used, and "
"modifications to these will no longer have any effect on normal DLL "
"resolution. If your application relies on these mechanisms, you should check "
"for :func:`~os.add_dll_directory` and if it exists, use it to add your DLLs "
"directory while loading your library. Note that Windows 7 users will need to "
"ensure that Windows Update KB2533623 has been installed (this is also "
"verified by the installer). (Contributed by Steve Dower in :issue:`36085`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2001
msgid ""
"The header files and functions related to pgen have been removed after its "
"replacement by a pure Python implementation. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo "
"in :issue:`36623`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2005
msgid ""
":class:`types.CodeType` has a new parameter in the second position of the "
"constructor (*posonlyargcount*) to support positional-only arguments defined "
"in :pep:`570`. The first argument (*argcount*) now represents the total "
"number of positional arguments (including positional-only arguments). The "
"new ``replace()`` method of :class:`types.CodeType` can be used to make the "
"code future-proof."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2012
msgid ""
"The parameter ``digestmod`` for :func:`hmac.new` no longer uses the MD5 "
"digest by default."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2016
msgid "Changes in the C API"
msgstr "C API 中的改動"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2018
msgid ""
"The :c:struct:`PyCompilerFlags` structure got a new *cf_feature_version* "
"field. It should be initialized to ``PY_MINOR_VERSION``. The field is "
"ignored by default, and is used if and only if ``PyCF_ONLY_AST`` flag is set "
"in *cf_flags*. (Contributed by Guido van Rossum in :issue:`35766`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2024
msgid ""
"The :c:func:`!PyEval_ReInitThreads` function has been removed from the C "
"API. It should not be called explicitly: use :c:func:`PyOS_AfterFork_Child` "
"instead. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`36728`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2029
msgid ""
"On Unix, C extensions are no longer linked to libpython except on Android "
"and Cygwin. When Python is embedded, ``libpython`` must not be loaded with "
"``RTLD_LOCAL``, but ``RTLD_GLOBAL`` instead. Previously, using "
"``RTLD_LOCAL``, it was already not possible to load C extensions which were "
"not linked to ``libpython``, like C extensions of the standard library built "
"by the ``*shared*`` section of ``Modules/Setup``. (Contributed by Victor "
"Stinner in :issue:`21536`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2037
msgid ""
"Use of ``#`` variants of formats in parsing or building value (e.g. :c:func:"
"`PyArg_ParseTuple`, :c:func:`Py_BuildValue`, :c:func:"
"`PyObject_CallFunction`, etc.) without ``PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN`` defined raises "
"``DeprecationWarning`` now. It will be removed in 3.10 or 4.0.  Read :ref:"
"`arg-parsing` for detail. (Contributed by Inada Naoki in :issue:`36381`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2043
msgid ""
"Instances of heap-allocated types (such as those created with :c:func:"
"`PyType_FromSpec`) hold a reference to their type object. Increasing the "
"reference count of these type objects has been moved from :c:func:"
"`PyType_GenericAlloc` to the more low-level functions, :c:func:"
"`PyObject_Init` and :c:func:`PyObject_INIT`. This makes types created "
"through :c:func:`PyType_FromSpec` behave like other classes in managed code."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2051
msgid ":ref:`Statically allocated types <static-types>` are not affected."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2053
msgid ""
"For the vast majority of cases, there should be no side effect. However, "
"types that manually increase the reference count after allocating an "
"instance (perhaps to work around the bug) may now become immortal. To avoid "
"this, these classes need to call Py_DECREF on the type object during "
"instance deallocation."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2059
msgid ""
"To correctly port these types into 3.8, please apply the following changes:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2062
msgid ""
"Remove :c:macro:`Py_INCREF` on the type object after allocating an instance "
"- if any. This may happen after calling :c:macro:`PyObject_New`, :c:macro:"
"`PyObject_NewVar`, :c:func:`PyObject_GC_New`, :c:func:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`, "
"or any other custom allocator that uses :c:func:`PyObject_Init` or :c:func:"
"`PyObject_INIT`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2069 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2088
#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2107
msgid "Example:"
msgstr "範例："

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2071
msgid ""
"static foo_struct *\n"
"foo_new(PyObject *type) {\n"
"    foo_struct *foo = PyObject_GC_New(foo_struct, (PyTypeObject *) type);\n"
"    if (foo == NULL)\n"
"        return NULL;\n"
"#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03080000\n"
"    // Workaround for Python issue 35810; no longer necessary in Python 3.8\n"
"    PY_INCREF(type)\n"
"#endif\n"
"    return foo;\n"
"}"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2085
msgid ""
"Ensure that all custom ``tp_dealloc`` functions of heap-allocated types "
"decrease the type's reference count."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2090
msgid ""
"static void\n"
"foo_dealloc(foo_struct *instance) {\n"
"    PyObject *type = Py_TYPE(instance);\n"
"    PyObject_GC_Del(instance);\n"
"#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03080000\n"
"    // This was not needed before Python 3.8 (Python issue 35810)\n"
"    Py_DECREF(type);\n"
"#endif\n"
"}"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2102
msgid "(Contributed by Eddie Elizondo in :issue:`35810`.)"
msgstr "（由 Eddie Elizondo 在 :issue:`35810` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2104
msgid ""
"The :c:macro:`Py_DEPRECATED()` macro has been implemented for MSVC. The "
"macro now must be placed before the symbol name."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2109
msgid "Py_DEPRECATED(3.8) PyAPI_FUNC(int) Py_OldFunction(void);"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2113
msgid "(Contributed by Zackery Spytz in :issue:`33407`.)"
msgstr "（由 Zackery Spytz 在 :issue:`33407` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2115
msgid ""
"The interpreter does not pretend to support binary compatibility of "
"extension types across feature releases, anymore.  A :c:type:`PyTypeObject` "
"exported by a third-party extension module is supposed to have all the slots "
"expected in the current Python version, including :c:member:`~PyTypeObject."
"tp_finalize` (:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE` is not checked anymore "
"before reading :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_finalize`)."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2122
msgid "(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in :issue:`32388`.)"
msgstr "（由 Antoine Pitrou 在 :issue:`32388` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2124
msgid ""
"The functions :c:func:`!PyNode_AddChild` and :c:func:`!PyParser_AddToken` "
"now accept two additional ``int`` arguments *end_lineno* and "
"*end_col_offset*."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2127
msgid ""
"The :file:`libpython38.a` file to allow MinGW tools to link directly "
"against :file:`python38.dll` is no longer included in the regular Windows "
"distribution. If you require this file, it may be generated with the "
"``gendef`` and ``dlltool`` tools, which are part of the MinGW binutils "
"package:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2132
msgid ""
"gendef - python38.dll > tmp.def\n"
"dlltool --dllname python38.dll --def tmp.def --output-lib libpython38.a"
msgstr ""
"gendef - python38.dll > tmp.def\n"
"dlltool --dllname python38.dll --def tmp.def --output-lib libpython38.a"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2137
msgid ""
"The location of an installed :file:`pythonXY.dll` will depend on the "
"installation options and the version and language of Windows. See :ref:"
"`using-on-windows` for more information. The resulting library should be "
"placed in the same directory as :file:`pythonXY.lib`, which is generally "
"the :file:`libs` directory under your Python installation."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2143
msgid "(Contributed by Steve Dower in :issue:`37351`.)"
msgstr "（由 Steve Dower 在 :issue:`37351` 中貢獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2147
msgid "CPython bytecode changes"
msgstr "CPython 位元組碼變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2149
msgid ""
"The interpreter loop  has been simplified by moving the logic of unrolling "
"the stack of blocks into the compiler.  The compiler emits now explicit "
"instructions for adjusting the stack of values and calling the cleaning-up "
"code for :keyword:`break`, :keyword:`continue` and :keyword:`return`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2155
msgid ""
"Removed opcodes :opcode:`!BREAK_LOOP`, :opcode:`!CONTINUE_LOOP`, :opcode:`!"
"SETUP_LOOP` and :opcode:`!SETUP_EXCEPT`.  Added new opcodes :opcode:`!"
"ROT_FOUR`, :opcode:`!BEGIN_FINALLY`, :opcode:`!CALL_FINALLY` and :opcode:`!"
"POP_FINALLY`.  Changed the behavior of :opcode:`!END_FINALLY` and :opcode:`!"
"WITH_CLEANUP_START`."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2161
msgid ""
"(Contributed by Mark Shannon, Antoine Pitrou and Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:"
"`17611`.)"
msgstr ""
"（由 Mark Shannon、Antoine Pitrou 和 Serhiy Storchaka 在 :issue:`17611` 中貢"
"獻。）"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2164
msgid ""
"Added new opcode :opcode:`END_ASYNC_FOR` for handling exceptions raised when "
"awaiting a next item in an :keyword:`async for` loop. (Contributed by Serhiy "
"Storchaka in :issue:`33041`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2168
msgid ""
"The :opcode:`MAP_ADD` now expects the value as the first element in the "
"stack and the key as the second element. This change was made so the key is "
"always evaluated before the value in dictionary comprehensions, as proposed "
"by :pep:`572`. (Contributed by Jörn Heissler in :issue:`35224`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2175
msgid "Demos and Tools"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2177
msgid ""
"Added a benchmark script for timing various ways to access variables: "
"``Tools/scripts/var_access_benchmark.py``. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger "
"in :issue:`35884`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2181
msgid "Here's a summary of performance improvements since Python 3.3:"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2183
msgid ""
"Python version                       3.3     3.4     3.5     3.6     3.7     "
"3.8\n"
"--------------                       ---     ---     ---     ---     ---     "
"---\n"
"\n"
"Variable and attribute read access:\n"
"    read_local                       4.0     7.1     7.1     5.4     5.1     "
"3.9\n"
"    read_nonlocal                    5.3     7.1     8.1     5.8     5.4     "
"4.4\n"
"    read_global                     13.3    15.5    19.0    14.3    13.6     "
"7.6\n"
"    read_builtin                    20.0    21.1    21.6    18.5    19.0     "
"7.5\n"
"    read_classvar_from_class        20.5    25.6    26.5    20.7    19.5    "
"18.4\n"
"    read_classvar_from_instance     18.5    22.8    23.5    18.8    17.1    "
"16.4\n"
"    read_instancevar                26.8    32.4    33.1    28.0    26.3    "
"25.4\n"
"    read_instancevar_slots          23.7    27.8    31.3    20.8    20.8    "
"20.2\n"
"    read_namedtuple                 68.5    73.8    57.5    45.0    46.8    "
"18.4\n"
"    read_boundmethod                29.8    37.6    37.9    29.6    26.9    "
"27.7\n"
"\n"
"Variable and attribute write access:\n"
"    write_local                      4.6     8.7     9.3     5.5     5.3     "
"4.3\n"
"    write_nonlocal                   7.3    10.5    11.1     5.6     5.5     "
"4.7\n"
"    write_global                    15.9    19.7    21.2    18.0    18.0    "
"15.8\n"
"    write_classvar                  81.9    92.9    96.0   104.6   102.1    "
"39.2\n"
"    write_instancevar               36.4    44.6    45.8    40.0    38.9    "
"35.5\n"
"    write_instancevar_slots         28.7    35.6    36.1    27.3    26.6    "
"25.7\n"
"\n"
"Data structure read access:\n"
"    read_list                       19.2    24.2    24.5    20.8    20.8    "
"19.0\n"
"    read_deque                      19.9    24.7    25.5    20.2    20.6    "
"19.8\n"
"    read_dict                       19.7    24.3    25.7    22.3    23.0    "
"21.0\n"
"    read_strdict                    17.9    22.6    24.3    19.5    21.2    "
"18.9\n"
"\n"
"Data structure write access:\n"
"    write_list                      21.2    27.1    28.5    22.5    21.6    "
"20.0\n"
"    write_deque                     23.8    28.7    30.1    22.7    21.8    "
"23.5\n"
"    write_dict                      25.9    31.4    33.3    29.3    29.2    "
"24.7\n"
"    write_strdict                   22.9    28.4    29.9    27.5    25.2    "
"23.1\n"
"\n"
"Stack (or queue) operations:\n"
"    list_append_pop                144.2    93.4   112.7    75.4    74.2    "
"50.8\n"
"    deque_append_pop                30.4    43.5    57.0    49.4    49.2    "
"42.5\n"
"    deque_append_popleft            30.8    43.7    57.3    49.7    49.7    "
"42.8\n"
"\n"
"Timing loop:\n"
"    loop_overhead                    0.3     0.5     0.6     0.4     0.3     "
"0.3"
msgstr ""
"Python version                       3.3     3.4     3.5     3.6     3.7     "
"3.8\n"
"--------------                       ---     ---     ---     ---     ---     "
"---\n"
"\n"
"Variable and attribute read access:\n"
"    read_local                       4.0     7.1     7.1     5.4     5.1     "
"3.9\n"
"    read_nonlocal                    5.3     7.1     8.1     5.8     5.4     "
"4.4\n"
"    read_global                     13.3    15.5    19.0    14.3    13.6     "
"7.6\n"
"    read_builtin                    20.0    21.1    21.6    18.5    19.0     "
"7.5\n"
"    read_classvar_from_class        20.5    25.6    26.5    20.7    19.5    "
"18.4\n"
"    read_classvar_from_instance     18.5    22.8    23.5    18.8    17.1    "
"16.4\n"
"    read_instancevar                26.8    32.4    33.1    28.0    26.3    "
"25.4\n"
"    read_instancevar_slots          23.7    27.8    31.3    20.8    20.8    "
"20.2\n"
"    read_namedtuple                 68.5    73.8    57.5    45.0    46.8    "
"18.4\n"
"    read_boundmethod                29.8    37.6    37.9    29.6    26.9    "
"27.7\n"
"\n"
"Variable and attribute write access:\n"
"    write_local                      4.6     8.7     9.3     5.5     5.3     "
"4.3\n"
"    write_nonlocal                   7.3    10.5    11.1     5.6     5.5     "
"4.7\n"
"    write_global                    15.9    19.7    21.2    18.0    18.0    "
"15.8\n"
"    write_classvar                  81.9    92.9    96.0   104.6   102.1    "
"39.2\n"
"    write_instancevar               36.4    44.6    45.8    40.0    38.9    "
"35.5\n"
"    write_instancevar_slots         28.7    35.6    36.1    27.3    26.6    "
"25.7\n"
"\n"
"Data structure read access:\n"
"    read_list                       19.2    24.2    24.5    20.8    20.8    "
"19.0\n"
"    read_deque                      19.9    24.7    25.5    20.2    20.6    "
"19.8\n"
"    read_dict                       19.7    24.3    25.7    22.3    23.0    "
"21.0\n"
"    read_strdict                    17.9    22.6    24.3    19.5    21.2    "
"18.9\n"
"\n"
"Data structure write access:\n"
"    write_list                      21.2    27.1    28.5    22.5    21.6    "
"20.0\n"
"    write_deque                     23.8    28.7    30.1    22.7    21.8    "
"23.5\n"
"    write_dict                      25.9    31.4    33.3    29.3    29.2    "
"24.7\n"
"    write_strdict                   22.9    28.4    29.9    27.5    25.2    "
"23.1\n"
"\n"
"Stack (or queue) operations:\n"
"    list_append_pop                144.2    93.4   112.7    75.4    74.2    "
"50.8\n"
"    deque_append_pop                30.4    43.5    57.0    49.4    49.2    "
"42.5\n"
"    deque_append_popleft            30.8    43.7    57.3    49.7    49.7    "
"42.8\n"
"\n"
"Timing loop:\n"
"    loop_overhead                    0.3     0.5     0.6     0.4     0.3     "
"0.3"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2228
msgid ""
"The benchmarks were measured on an `Intel® Core™ i7-4960HQ processor "
"<https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/76088/intel-core-"
"i7-4960hq-processor-6m-cache-up-to-3-80-ghz.html>`_ running the macOS 64-bit "
"builds found at `python.org <https://www.python.org/downloads/macos/>`_. The "
"benchmark script displays timings in nanoseconds."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2237
msgid "Notable changes in Python 3.8.1"
msgstr "Python 3.8.1 中顯著的變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2239
msgid ""
"Due to significant security concerns, the *reuse_address* parameter of :meth:"
"`asyncio.loop.create_datagram_endpoint` is no longer supported. This is "
"because of the behavior of the socket option ``SO_REUSEADDR`` in UDP. For "
"more details, see the documentation for ``loop.create_datagram_endpoint()``. "
"(Contributed by Kyle Stanley, Antoine Pitrou, and Yury Selivanov in :issue:"
"`37228`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2247
msgid "Notable changes in Python 3.8.2"
msgstr "Python 3.8.2 中顯著的變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2249
msgid ""
"Fixed a regression with the ``ignore`` callback of :func:`shutil.copytree`. "
"The argument types are now str and List[str] again. (Contributed by Manuel "
"Barkhau and Giampaolo Rodola in :gh:`83571`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2254
msgid "Notable changes in Python 3.8.3"
msgstr "Python 3.8.3 中顯著的變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2256
msgid ""
"The constant values of future flags in the :mod:`__future__` module are "
"updated in order to prevent collision with compiler flags. Previously "
"``PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT`` was clashing with ``CO_FUTURE_DIVISION``. "
"(Contributed by Batuhan Taskaya in :gh:`83743`)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2262
msgid "Notable changes in Python 3.8.8"
msgstr "Python 3.8.8 中顯著的變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2264
msgid ""
"Earlier Python versions allowed using both ``;`` and ``&`` as query "
"parameter separators in :func:`urllib.parse.parse_qs` and :func:`urllib."
"parse.parse_qsl`.  Due to security concerns, and to conform with newer W3C "
"recommendations, this has been changed to allow only a single separator key, "
"with ``&`` as the default.  This change also affects :func:`!cgi.parse` and :"
"func:`!cgi.parse_multipart` as they use the affected functions internally. "
"For more details, please see their respective documentation. (Contributed by "
"Adam Goldschmidt, Senthil Kumaran and Ken Jin in :issue:`42967`.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2275
msgid "Notable changes in Python 3.8.9"
msgstr "Python 3.8.9 中顯著的變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2277
msgid ""
"A security fix alters the :class:`ftplib.FTP` behavior to not trust the IPv4 "
"address sent from the remote server when setting up a passive data channel.  "
"We reuse the ftp server IP address instead.  For unusual code requiring the "
"old behavior, set a ``trust_server_pasv_ipv4_address`` attribute on your FTP "
"instance to ``True``.  (See :gh:`87451`)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2284 ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2304
msgid "Notable changes in Python 3.8.10"
msgstr "Python 3.8.10 中顯著的變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2287
msgid "macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2289
msgid ""
"As of 3.8.10, Python now supports building and running on macOS 11 (Big Sur) "
"and on Apple Silicon Macs (based on the ``ARM64`` architecture). A new "
"universal build variant, ``universal2``, is now available to natively "
"support both ``ARM64`` and ``Intel 64`` in one set of executables. Note that "
"support for \"weaklinking\", building binaries targeted for newer versions "
"of macOS that will also run correctly on older versions by testing at "
"runtime for missing features, is not included in this backport from Python "
"3.9; to support a range of macOS versions, continue to target for and build "
"on the oldest version in the range."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2299
msgid ""
"(Originally contributed by Ronald Oussoren and Lawrence D'Anna in :gh:"
"`85272`, with fixes by FX Coudert and Eli Rykoff, and backported to 3.8 by "
"Maxime Bélanger and Ned Deily)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2307
msgid "urllib.parse"
msgstr "urllib.parse"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2309
msgid ""
"The presence of newline or tab characters in parts of a URL allows for some "
"forms of attacks. Following the WHATWG specification that updates :rfc:"
"`3986`, ASCII newline ``\\n``, ``\\r`` and tab ``\\t`` characters are "
"stripped from the URL by the parser in :mod:`urllib.parse` preventing such "
"attacks. The removal characters are controlled by a new module level "
"variable ``urllib.parse._UNSAFE_URL_BYTES_TO_REMOVE``. (See :issue:`43882`)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2318
msgid "Notable changes in Python 3.8.12"
msgstr "Python 3.8.12 中顯著的變更"

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2323
msgid ""
"Starting with Python 3.8.12 the :mod:`ipaddress` module no longer accepts "
"any leading zeros in IPv4 address strings. Leading zeros are ambiguous and "
"interpreted as octal notation by some libraries. For example the legacy "
"function :func:`socket.inet_aton` treats leading zeros as octal notation. "
"glibc implementation of modern :func:`~socket.inet_pton` does not accept any "
"leading zeros."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2330
msgid ""
"(Originally contributed by Christian Heimes in :issue:`36384`, and "
"backported to 3.8 by Achraf Merzouki.)"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2334
msgid "Notable security feature in 3.8.14"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2336
msgid ""
"Converting between :class:`int` and :class:`str` in bases other than 2 "
"(binary), 4, 8 (octal), 16 (hexadecimal), or 32 such as base 10 (decimal) "
"now raises a :exc:`ValueError` if the number of digits in string form is "
"above a limit to avoid potential denial of service attacks due to the "
"algorithmic complexity. This is a mitigation for :cve:`2020-10735`. This "
"limit can be configured or disabled by environment variable, command line "
"flag, or :mod:`sys` APIs. See the :ref:`integer string conversion length "
"limitation <int_max_str_digits>` documentation.  The default limit is 4300 "
"digits in string form."
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2347
msgid "Notable changes in 3.8.17"
msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.8.rst:2352
msgid ""
"The extraction methods in :mod:`tarfile`, and :func:`shutil.unpack_archive`, "
"have a new a *filter* argument that allows limiting tar features than may be "
"surprising or dangerous, such as creating files outside the destination "
"directory. See :ref:`tarfile-extraction-filter` for details. In Python 3.12, "
"use without the *filter* argument will show a :exc:`DeprecationWarning`. In "
"Python 3.14, the default will switch to ``'data'``. (Contributed by Petr "
"Viktorin in :pep:`706`.)"
msgstr ""