attack-tree.md

Attack Tree Analysis for apache/httpd

Objective: Compromise Application by Exploiting Apache httpd Weaknesses

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise Application via Apache httpd [CRITICAL NODE]
├── OR
│   ├── Exploit Vulnerabilities in httpd Software [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   ├── Exploit Known Vulnerabilities (CVEs) [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Execute exploit against httpd instance [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Achieve code execution or gain control [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   ├── Exploit Memory Corruption Vulnerabilities
│   │   │   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Buffer Overflow
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   ├── Inject malicious code [CRITICAL NODE if successful]
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Execute injected code [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Format String Vulnerability
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   ├── Read or write arbitrary memory [CRITICAL NODE if successful]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Integer Overflow/Underflow
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Exploit corrupted state for code execution or DoS [CRITICAL NODE if successful code execution]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Use-After-Free
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   ├── Reallocate freed memory with attacker-controlled data [CRITICAL NODE if successful]
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Gain control when freed memory is accessed [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   ├── Exploit Logic Vulnerabilities
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Gain unauthorized access or manipulate application state [CRITICAL NODE if successful]
│   ├── Exploit Misconfigurations in httpd Setup [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   ├── Insecure Default Configurations [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   └── Exploit insecure defaults for initial access or information gathering [CRITICAL NODE if successful initial access]
│   │   │   ├── Weak Access Controls [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Directory Listing Enabled [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Discover sensitive information or application vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info/vulns found]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Exposed Admin Interfaces/Status Pages [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   ├── Access sensitive server information or configuration [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info accessed]
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Potentially gain control or further exploit the system [CRITICAL NODE if control gained]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Insecure File Permissions [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   ├── Read sensitive configuration or application code [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info accessed]
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Modify configuration or application files to gain control [CRITICAL NODE if control gained]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Unnecessary Modules Enabled
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Exploit vulnerabilities in unnecessary modules [CRITICAL NODE if successful exploit]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Incorrectly Configured Virtual Hosts
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Gain access to unintended virtual hosts or resources [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive resources accessed]
│   │   │   ├── Log File Vulnerabilities
│   │   │   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Information Leakage in Logs [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   ├── Access or obtain log files [CRITICAL NODE if logs are accessible]
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Extract sensitive information for further attacks [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info extracted]
│   │   │   ├── TLS/SSL Misconfiguration [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Weak Cipher Suites Enabled [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Decrypt communication and intercept sensitive data [CRITICAL NODE if successful decryption]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Outdated TLS/SSL Protocols [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Decrypt communication and intercept sensitive data [CRITICAL NODE if successful decryption]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Improper Certificate Validation [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Intercept and potentially modify communication [CRITICAL NODE if successful MITM]
│   ├── Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks against httpd [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   ├── Resource Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   │   │   ├── CPU Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── httpd server CPU overloaded [CRITICAL NODE if overloaded]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Memory Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── httpd server memory exhausted [CRITICAL NODE if exhausted]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Bandwidth Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Saturate network bandwidth [CRITICAL NODE if saturated]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Algorithmic Complexity Attacks [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── Server resources consumed disproportionately [CRITICAL NODE if resources consumed]
│   │   │   │   │   ├── Vulnerability-Based DoS [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   │   │   └── httpd service crashes or becomes unresponsive [CRITICAL NODE if service crashes]
│   ├── Information Disclosure via httpd [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├── OR
│   │   │   ├── Server Status Pages [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   └── Status pages reveal sensitive server configuration, modules, and processes [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info revealed]
│   │   │   ├── Directory Listing (Revisited) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   └── Discover sensitive information (configuration files, backups, etc.) [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info discovered]
│   │   │   ├── Error Messages [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   └── Error messages reveal internal paths, versions, or configuration details [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info revealed]
│   │   │   ├── Server Version Disclosure [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   └── Research known vulnerabilities for that version [CRITICAL NODE - enables CVE exploitation path]
│   │   │   ├── Log Files (Revisited) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├── AND
│   │   │   │   │   └── Extract sensitive information for further attacks [CRITICAL NODE if sensitive info extracted]

Attack Tree Path: Exploit Vulnerabilities in httpd Software [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]

Attack Vectors:

• Exploit Known Vulnerabilities (CVEs) [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Execute exploit against httpd instance: Leveraging public or 0-day exploits for known vulnerabilities to gain initial access.
    • Achieve code execution or gain control: Successful exploitation leading to arbitrary code execution and system control.
• Exploit Memory Corruption Vulnerabilities:
  • Buffer Overflow:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Inject malicious code: Overwriting memory to inject and prepare for execution of malicious code.
      • Execute injected code: Gaining control by executing attacker-injected code.
  • Format String Vulnerability:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Read or write arbitrary memory: Using format string bugs to manipulate memory for information disclosure or code execution.
  • Integer Overflow/Underflow:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Exploit corrupted state for code execution or DoS: Leveraging integer flaws to corrupt memory and potentially achieve code execution.
  • Use-After-Free:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Reallocate freed memory with attacker-controlled data: Manipulating memory allocation to control freed memory.
      • Gain control when freed memory is accessed: Exploiting use-after-free to gain control when the freed memory is accessed.
• Exploit Logic Vulnerabilities:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Gain unauthorized access or manipulate application state: Bypassing authentication or authorization logic to gain unauthorized access.

Attack Tree Path: Exploit Misconfigurations in httpd Setup [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]

Attack Vectors:

• Insecure Default Configurations [HIGH RISK PATH]:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Exploit insecure defaults for initial access or information gathering: Leveraging default credentials, exposed status pages, or other insecure default settings for initial access.
• Weak Access Controls [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]:
  • Directory Listing Enabled [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Discover sensitive information or application vulnerabilities: Using directory listing to find sensitive files or information about application vulnerabilities.
  • Exposed Admin Interfaces/Status Pages [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Access sensitive server information or configuration: Accessing exposed admin or status pages to gather sensitive server details.
      • Potentially gain control or further exploit the system: Using exposed admin interfaces to directly control the server or find further exploitation paths.
  • Insecure File Permissions [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Read sensitive configuration or application code: Reading sensitive files due to weak permissions to gather information.
      • Modify configuration or application files to gain control: Modifying configuration or application files due to write access from weak permissions to gain control.
  • Unnecessary Modules Enabled:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Exploit vulnerabilities in unnecessary modules: Exploiting vulnerabilities in modules that are not required for application functionality, increasing attack surface.
  • Incorrectly Configured Virtual Hosts:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Gain access to unintended virtual hosts or resources: Accessing resources of other virtual hosts due to misconfiguration.
• Log File Vulnerabilities:
  • Information Leakage in Logs [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Access or obtain log files: Gaining access to log files, either directly or via web access.
      • Extract sensitive information for further attacks: Extracting sensitive data like session IDs or API keys from log files.
• TLS/SSL Misconfiguration [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]:
  • Weak Cipher Suites Enabled [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Decrypt communication and intercept sensitive data: Decrypting HTTPS traffic due to weak cipher suites.
  • Outdated TLS/SSL Protocols [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Decrypt communication and intercept sensitive data: Exploiting vulnerabilities in outdated protocols to decrypt HTTPS traffic.
  • Improper Certificate Validation [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Intercept and potentially modify communication: Performing Man-in-the-Middle attacks due to improper certificate validation.

Attack Tree Path: Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks against httpd [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]

Attack Vectors:

• Resource Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]:
  • CPU Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • httpd server CPU overloaded: Overloading the server CPU with computationally intensive requests.
  • Memory Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • httpd server memory exhausted: Exhausting server memory with memory-intensive requests.
  • Bandwidth Exhaustion [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Saturate network bandwidth: Saturating network bandwidth with high volume of traffic.
  • Algorithmic Complexity Attacks [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • Server resources consumed disproportionately: Causing disproportionate resource consumption through algorithmically expensive requests.
  • Vulnerability-Based DoS [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Critical Nodes:
      • httpd service crashes or becomes unresponsive: Exploiting vulnerabilities to crash or hang the httpd service.

Attack Tree Path: Information Disclosure via httpd [HIGH RISK PATH, CRITICAL NODE]

Attack Vectors:

• Server Status Pages [HIGH RISK PATH]:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Status pages reveal sensitive server configuration, modules, and processes: Exposing sensitive server information through status pages.
• Directory Listing (Revisited) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Discover sensitive information (configuration files, backups, etc.): Revealing sensitive files through directory listing.
• Error Messages [HIGH RISK PATH]:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Error messages reveal internal paths, versions, or configuration details: Leaking internal information through verbose error messages.
• Server Version Disclosure [HIGH RISK PATH]:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Research known vulnerabilities for that version: Enabling attackers to easily research version-specific vulnerabilities.
• Log Files (Revisited) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
  • Critical Nodes:
    • Extract sensitive information for further attacks: Revealing sensitive information within log files.