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Attack Tree Analysis for apache/mesos

Objective: Compromise Application via Mesos Exploitation

Attack Tree Visualization

Root Goal: Compromise Application via Mesos Exploitation
├───[1.0] Compromise Mesos Infrastructure **[CRITICAL NODE]**
│   └───[1.1] Compromise Mesos Master **[CRITICAL NODE]** **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
│       ├───[1.1.1] Exploit Master API Vulnerabilities **[CRITICAL NODE]** **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
│       │   └───[1.1.1.1] Unauthenticated API Access **[CRITICAL NODE]** **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
│       ├───[1.1.2] Compromise Master Host System **[CRITICAL NODE]** **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
│       │   └───[1.1.2.1] Exploiting OS Vulnerabilities on Master Host **[CRITICAL NODE]** **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
├───[2.0] Exploit Framework Vulnerabilities (Application Context)
│   └───[2.1] Compromise Framework API (e.g., Marathon, Kubernetes on Mesos) **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
│       └───[2.1.1] Unauthenticated Framework API Access **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
├───[3.0] Task/Container Exploitation (Application Context) **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
│   └───[3.1] Exploiting Vulnerabilities within Deployed Application Container **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
│       └───[3.1.1] Application Software Vulnerabilities (within the container) **[CRITICAL NODE]** **[HIGH-RISK PATH]**
└───[4.0] Supply Chain Attacks Targeting Mesos Components **[CRITICAL NODE]**
    └───[4.1] Compromised Mesos Software Packages **[CRITICAL NODE]**

Attack Tree Path: [1.0] Compromise Mesos Infrastructure [CRITICAL NODE]:

  • Criticality: The Mesos infrastructure is the foundation. Compromising it grants wide-ranging control over the entire application deployment and potentially other applications running on the same Mesos cluster.
    • Impact: Critical - Full compromise of applications and infrastructure.
    • Mitigation Priority: Highest - Securing the infrastructure is paramount.

Attack Tree Path: [1.1] Compromise Mesos Master [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]:

  • Criticality: The Mesos Master is the central control point. Compromise leads to full control over the cluster, task scheduling, and application management.
    • High-Risk Path: Due to the Master's central role and the potential for high impact attacks.
    • Impact: Critical - Full cluster control, application compromise, data breach, DoS.
    • Mitigation Priority: Highest - Master security is crucial.

Attack Tree Path: [1.1.1] Exploit Master API Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]:

  • Criticality: The Master API is a direct interface for control. Vulnerabilities here can be exploited remotely.
    • High-Risk Path: APIs are often targeted, and vulnerabilities can be easily exploited if not properly secured.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • [1.1.1.1] Unauthenticated API Access [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]:
        • Likelihood: Medium - Common misconfiguration if authentication is not enforced.
        • Impact: Critical - Full control via API access.
        • Effort: Low - Easy to exploit if unauthenticated.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner level attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Can be detected with API access logs and monitoring.
      • [1.1.1.2] API Parameter Injection (e.g., Command Injection via API):
        • Likelihood: Medium - Possible if input validation is insufficient.
        • Impact: Critical - Command execution on Master, potential host compromise.
        • Effort: Medium - Requires identifying injection points and crafting payloads.
        • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Requires input validation checks and anomaly detection.
      • [1.1.1.3] Denial of Service (DoS) via API Abuse:
        • Likelihood: Medium - Relatively easy to perform by flooding API with requests.
        • Impact: Medium - Master unavailability, impacting application scheduling and management.
        • Effort: Low - Simple DoS tools can be used.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner level attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Low - Easily detectable with network and API monitoring.
      • [1.1.1.4] Exploiting Known Master Software Vulnerabilities (CVEs):
        • Likelihood: Low - Decreases with regular patching, but zero-days are possible.
        • Impact: Critical - Full Master compromise depending on the vulnerability.
        • Effort: Medium - Requires finding and exploiting specific CVEs.
        • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate attacker, potentially higher for zero-days.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Vulnerability scanning and intrusion detection can help.

Attack Tree Path: [1.1.2] Compromise Master Host System [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]:

  • Criticality: Host compromise grants direct access to the Master process and underlying system.
    • High-Risk Path: Host systems are common targets, and compromise of the Master host is devastating.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • [1.1.2.1] Exploiting OS Vulnerabilities on Master Host [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]:
        • Likelihood: Medium - OS vulnerabilities are regularly discovered.
        • Impact: Critical - Full host compromise, leading to Master compromise.
        • Effort: Medium - Requires finding and exploiting OS vulnerabilities.
        • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Vulnerability scanning, intrusion detection, and security audits.
      • [1.1.2.2] Credential Compromise (e.g., SSH keys, passwords) for Master Host:
        • Likelihood: Medium - Credential theft and weak passwords are common issues.
        • Impact: Critical - Host access via compromised credentials, leading to Master compromise.
        • Effort: Medium - Social engineering, phishing, brute-force, or insider threat.
        • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Account monitoring, anomaly detection, and strong authentication practices.
      • [1.1.2.3] Physical Access to Master Host (if applicable):
        • Likelihood: Low - Less likely in cloud environments, but possible in on-premise setups.
        • Impact: Critical - Full physical control, leading to complete compromise.
        • Effort: High - Requires physical access and bypassing physical security.
        • Skill Level: Low - Basic physical access skills.
        • Detection Difficulty: Low - Physical security controls and monitoring.

Attack Tree Path: [2.1] Compromise Framework API (e.g., Marathon, Kubernetes on Mesos) [HIGH-RISK PATH]:

  • High-Risk Path: Framework APIs manage application deployments and configurations, making them attractive targets.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • [2.1.1] Unauthenticated Framework API Access [HIGH-RISK PATH]:
        • Likelihood: Medium - Common misconfiguration if framework API authentication is not properly set up.
        • Impact: Medium - Application deployment manipulation, potential data access, DoS.
        • Effort: Low - Easy to exploit if unauthenticated.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner level attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - API access logs and monitoring.
      • [2.1.2] Framework API Vulnerabilities (e.g., Injection, Logic flaws):
        • Likelihood: Medium - Frameworks can have vulnerabilities.
        • Impact: Medium - Application manipulation, potential data access, DoS.
        • Effort: Medium - Requires finding and exploiting framework-specific vulnerabilities.
        • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Security audits and penetration testing.
      • [2.1.3] Exploiting Framework Software Vulnerabilities (CVEs):
        • Likelihood: Low - Decreases with patching, but zero-days are possible.
        • Impact: Medium - Framework compromise, application manipulation.
        • Effort: Medium - Requires finding and exploiting framework CVEs.
        • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate attacker, potentially higher for zero-days.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Vulnerability scanning and intrusion detection.
      • [2.1.4] Misconfiguration of Framework Security Settings:
        • Likelihood: Medium - Frameworks have complex configurations, misconfigurations are common.
        • Impact: Medium - Weakened security posture, easier exploitation of other vulnerabilities.
        • Effort: Low - Exploiting misconfigurations is often easier than finding vulnerabilities.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner to Medium attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Low - Security configuration reviews and audits.

Attack Tree Path: [3.0] Task/Container Exploitation (Application Context) [HIGH-RISK PATH]:

  • High-Risk Path: Applications running in containers are directly exposed and often contain vulnerabilities.
    • [3.1] Exploiting Vulnerabilities within Deployed Application Container [HIGH-RISK PATH]:
      • High-Risk Path: Direct application vulnerabilities are a primary attack vector.
      • [3.1.1] Application Software Vulnerabilities (within the container) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]:
        • Criticality: Application vulnerabilities are the most common entry point for attackers.
        • High-Risk Path: High likelihood and direct impact on the application.
        • Likelihood: High - Application code often contains vulnerabilities.
        • Impact: Medium - Data breach, service disruption, application compromise.
        • Effort: Low - Readily available tools and techniques for exploiting web application vulnerabilities.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner level attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Web application firewalls, intrusion detection, vulnerability scanning, and code reviews.
      • [3.1.2] Misconfiguration of Application Container:
        • Likelihood: Medium - Container misconfigurations are common.
        • Impact: Medium - Weakened security, easier exploitation of application vulnerabilities, potential container escape.
        • Effort: Low - Exploiting misconfigurations is often easier than finding code vulnerabilities.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner to Medium attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Low - Container security audits and configuration reviews.
      • [3.1.3] Exposed Sensitive Data within Container Image or Environment Variables:
        • Likelihood: Medium - Developers sometimes inadvertently expose secrets.
        • Impact: High - Credential compromise, data breach, access to internal systems.
        • Effort: Low - Easy to find exposed secrets if they exist.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner level attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Low - Static analysis of container images and configuration reviews.
      • [3.1.4] Insufficient Resource Limits for Container leading to Neighbor Container Impact:
        • Likelihood: Low - Less direct compromise, more about resource contention.
        • Impact: Low - DoS of neighbor containers, noisy neighbor issues.
        • Effort: Low - Easy to request excessive resources.
        • Skill Level: Low - Beginner level attacker.
        • Detection Difficulty: Low - Resource monitoring and anomaly detection.

Attack Tree Path: [4.0] Supply Chain Attacks Targeting Mesos Components [CRITICAL NODE]:

  • Criticality: Supply chain attacks can introduce vulnerabilities at a fundamental level, affecting all components.
    • Impact: Critical - Widespread compromise, difficult to detect and remediate.
    • Mitigation Priority: High - Requires proactive supply chain security measures.
    • [4.1] Compromised Mesos Software Packages [CRITICAL NODE]:
      • Criticality: Compromised Mesos packages directly inject malicious code into the core infrastructure.
      • Likelihood: Low - Requires sophisticated attacker and compromised distribution channels.
      • Impact: Critical - Full infrastructure compromise, widespread impact.
      • Effort: High - Requires significant resources and expertise to compromise software supply chains.
      • Skill Level: Expert - Advanced persistent threat (APT) level.
      • Detection Difficulty: High - Requires robust software integrity verification and anomaly detection.
    • [4.2] Compromised Container Images for Mesos Components or Tasks:
      • Likelihood: Low - Requires compromised image registries or man-in-the-middle attacks.
      • Impact: Medium - Compromise of specific components or tasks using the image.
      • Effort: Medium - Requires compromising image registries or performing MITM attacks.
      • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate to Advanced attacker.
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Image scanning and registry security.
    • [4.3] Compromised Dependencies of Mesos or Frameworks:
      • Likelihood: Low - Requires compromising dependency repositories or injecting malicious dependencies.
      • Impact: Medium - Potential vulnerabilities introduced through compromised dependencies.
      • Effort: Medium - Requires compromising dependency repositories or performing dependency confusion attacks.
      • Skill Level: Medium - Intermediate to Advanced attacker.
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Software composition analysis (SCA) and dependency monitoring.