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threat-modeling.md

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Threat Model Analysis for apache/mesos

Threat: Master Compromise

  • Description: An attacker exploits vulnerabilities to gain control of the Mesos Master process or host.
  • Impact: Full cluster control, arbitrary task scheduling, data access, denial of service, data exfiltration, cluster state manipulation.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Mesos Master process, Master host, Master API.
  • Risk Severity: Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Regularly patch Mesos Master software and underlying OS.
    • Implement strong authentication and authorization for Master access.
    • Harden the Master host OS.
    • Secure network access to the Master.

Threat: Master Availability Disruption (DoS)

  • Description: An attacker overwhelms the Master with requests or exploits vulnerabilities to cause it to become unresponsive or crash.
  • Impact: Cluster-wide service disruption, inability to schedule tasks, loss of cluster visibility, impact on running tasks.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Mesos Master process, Master API, Master resource management.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement rate limiting and request throttling for Master API endpoints.
    • Use resource limits for frameworks and tasks.
    • Ensure sufficient resources are allocated to the Master host.
    • Implement monitoring and alerting for Master resource usage and availability.

Threat: Master Election Manipulation (ZooKeeper related)

  • Description: An attacker compromises ZooKeeper or exploits weaknesses in the Master election process to influence Master leadership or cause election failures.
  • Impact: Split-brain scenarios, cluster instability, denial of service, potential data corruption.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Mesos Master election mechanism, ZooKeeper integration, ZooKeeper ensemble.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Secure ZooKeeper ensemble (authentication, authorization, network security).
    • Regularly patch ZooKeeper software.
    • Monitor ZooKeeper health and performance.
    • Ensure proper ZooKeeper configuration and quorum management.

Threat: Unauthorized Framework Registration

  • Description: An attacker registers a malicious framework with the Mesos Master without proper authorization.
  • Impact: Unauthorized access to cluster resources, resource starvation, malicious task execution, service disruption.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Mesos Master Framework registration API, Framework authentication mechanism.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement strong framework authentication and authorization mechanisms.
    • Enforce framework registration policies and access controls.
    • Regularly review registered frameworks and their permissions.

Threat: Agent Compromise

  • Description: An attacker exploits vulnerabilities to gain control of the Mesos Agent process or host.
  • Impact: Arbitrary code execution on Agent host, access to container data, container escape, task disruption, pivot point for cluster attacks.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Mesos Agent process, Agent host, Container runtime, Executor process.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Regularly patch Mesos Agent software, underlying OS, and container runtime.
    • Harden the Agent host OS.
    • Secure network access to Agents.
    • Implement container security best practices.

Threat: Container Escape (in Mesos context)

  • Description: An attacker escapes the container environment on a Mesos Agent to gain access to the Agent host.
  • Impact: Agent compromise, wider cluster compromise.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Container runtime, Executor process, Kernel, Agent host OS.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Use up-to-date and hardened container runtime environments.
    • Apply container security best practices.
    • Regularly scan container images for vulnerabilities.
    • Keep the Agent host kernel and OS patched.

Threat: Framework Compromise

  • Description: An attacker compromises the Framework scheduler process or its infrastructure.
  • Impact: Malicious task launching, data theft from tasks, service disruption, potential cluster compromise.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Framework scheduler process, Framework infrastructure, Framework API.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Secure the Framework scheduler application and its infrastructure.
    • Implement strong authentication and authorization for Framework access.
    • Securely store Framework credentials.

Threat: Framework Credential Theft

  • Description: An attacker steals or obtains Framework credentials used to authenticate with the Mesos Master.
  • Impact: Framework impersonation, malicious framework registration, unauthorized access to cluster resources.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Framework credentials, Framework authentication mechanism, Mesos Master Framework registration.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Securely store Framework credentials (e.g., using secrets management systems).
    • Implement strong access controls for credential access.
    • Rotate Framework credentials regularly.

Threat: Executor Compromise

  • Description: An attacker exploits vulnerabilities to gain control of the Mesos Executor process running on an Agent.
  • Impact: Access to container and task, task manipulation, potential Agent compromise.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Mesos Executor process, Executor implementation, Agent host.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Use secure and well-maintained Executor implementations.
    • Regularly update and patch Executor software and dependencies.
    • Limit Executor privileges and access to Agent host resources.

Threat: Executor Vulnerabilities

  • Description: Security vulnerabilities in the Executor implementation itself.
  • Impact: Container escape, Agent compromise, denial of service.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Mesos Executor implementation, Executor code.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Use well-vetted and security-audited Executor implementations.
    • Regularly scan Executor code for vulnerabilities.
    • Apply security patches and updates to Executors promptly.

Threat: ZooKeeper Compromise

  • Description: An attacker compromises the ZooKeeper ensemble used by Mesos.
  • Impact: Disruption of Master election, cluster coordination disruption, cluster state manipulation, potential cluster takeover.
  • Affected Mesos Component: ZooKeeper ensemble, ZooKeeper data, Mesos Master ZooKeeper integration.
  • Risk Severity: Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Secure ZooKeeper ensemble (authentication, authorization, network security).
    • Regularly patch ZooKeeper software and underlying OS.
    • Harden ZooKeeper server OS.

Threat: ZooKeeper Availability Disruption (DoS)

  • Description: An attacker floods ZooKeeper with requests or exploits vulnerabilities to cause it to become unresponsive or crash.
  • Impact: Disruption of Master election, cluster instability, loss of cluster state, Mesos cluster functionality disruption.
  • Affected Mesos Component: ZooKeeper ensemble, ZooKeeper service, Mesos Master ZooKeeper integration.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement rate limiting and request throttling for ZooKeeper.
    • Ensure sufficient resources are allocated to ZooKeeper servers.
    • Implement monitoring and alerting for ZooKeeper health and performance.

Threat: Data Integrity Issues in ZooKeeper

  • Description: Data corruption or unauthorized modification of data stored in ZooKeeper.
  • Impact: Cluster instability, incorrect Master election, inconsistent cluster state, unpredictable Mesos component behavior.
  • Affected Mesos Component: ZooKeeper data, ZooKeeper storage, Mesos Master ZooKeeper integration.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement data integrity checks in ZooKeeper configuration.
    • Use ZooKeeper features for data durability and consistency.
    • Regularly backup ZooKeeper data.

Threat: Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks

  • Description: An attacker intercepts network communication between Mesos components.
  • Impact: Data theft, message manipulation, credential theft.
  • Affected Mesos Component: Network communication channels between Mesos components.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Enforce TLS encryption for all communication between Mesos components.
    • Use mutual TLS authentication to verify component identities.
    • Implement network segmentation to isolate Mesos components.