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Threat Model Analysis for dotnet/aspnetcore

Threat: Model Binding Vulnerabilities

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker manipulates request data to inject malicious values during model binding, attempting to overwrite properties, bypass validation, or inject data leading to further vulnerabilities. * How: Exploiting the automatic data mapping of ASP.NET Core's model binding mechanism when it's not properly configured or validated.
    • Impact:
      • Data corruption or manipulation.
      • Unauthorized access to data or functionalities.
      • Injection attacks (SQL, XSS, etc.).
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Model Binding, Controllers, Razor Pages, Validation Attributes.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Implement robust server-side validation using validation attributes and ModelState.IsValid.
      • Use Data Transfer Objects (DTOs) for input validation.
      • Explicitly define allowed properties using [Bind] attribute.
      • Sanitize and encode user inputs.

Threat: Authentication Middleware Misconfiguration

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker exploits misconfigurations in the authentication middleware pipeline to bypass authentication checks and gain unauthorized access. * How: Exploiting incorrect middleware order, missing authentication schemes, or flaws in authentication handler configurations.
    • Impact:
      • Unauthorized access to protected resources and functionalities.
      • Data breaches and data manipulation.
      • Compromise of user accounts.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Authentication Middleware, Startup.cs/Program.cs configuration, Authentication Handlers.
    • Risk Severity: Critical
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Carefully configure authentication middleware in Startup.cs/Program.cs with correct ordering.
      • Thoroughly test authentication flows for all schemes.
      • Use strong and well-vetted authentication libraries.
      • Regularly review and update authentication configurations.

Threat: Authorization Policy Bypass

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker circumvents authorization policies to access resources they are not permitted to access. * How: Exploiting weaknesses in authorization logic, such as overly permissive policies, missing checks, or flaws in custom policy handlers.
    • Impact:
      • Unauthorized access to sensitive data and functionalities.
      • Privilege escalation.
      • Data breaches and data manipulation.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Authorization Middleware, Authorization Policies, [Authorize] attribute, Policy Handlers.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Define clear and granular authorization policies.
      • Use [Authorize] attribute effectively.
      • Implement robust policy handlers and requirements.
      • Follow the principle of least privilege.
      • Regularly review and audit authorization policies.

Threat: Insecure Cookie Handling (ASP.NET Core Cookies)

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker intercepts or manipulates cookies used for session management or authentication, leading to session hijacking, XSS, or CSRF. * How: Through network sniffing, man-in-the-middle attacks, XSS vulnerabilities, or CSRF attacks.
    • Impact:
      • Session hijacking and account takeover.
      • Cross-site scripting attacks.
      • Cross-site request forgery attacks.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Cookie Authentication Middleware, Session Middleware, Cookie configuration options.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Configure cookies with HttpOnly, Secure, and SameSite attributes.
      • Use SameSiteMode.Strict or SameSiteMode.Lax for CSRF mitigation.
      • Ensure cookies are encrypted using Data Protection.
      • Set appropriate cookie expiration times.

Threat: Exposure of Sensitive Configuration Data

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker gains access to sensitive configuration data (connection strings, API keys, secrets). * How: Accessing configuration files in source control, exposed environment variables, or insecure deployment practices.
    • Impact:
      • Full compromise of the application and related systems.
      • Data breaches and unauthorized access to backend resources.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Configuration System (IConfiguration), Configuration Files, Environment Variables, User Secrets.
    • Risk Severity: Critical
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Never store sensitive information in source control configuration files.
      • Use environment variables or secure secret management solutions (Azure Key Vault, HashiCorp Vault).
      • Utilize ASP.NET Core User Secrets only for development.
      • Securely manage access to configuration files and environment variables.

Threat: Kestrel Web Server Misconfiguration

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker exploits misconfigurations in Kestrel, especially if directly exposed, leading to DoS, MITM, or information disclosure. * How: Sending crafted requests to exploit weaknesses in Kestrel configuration or default settings.
    • Impact:
      • Denial-of-service attacks.
      • Man-in-the-middle attacks.
      • Information disclosure.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Kestrel Web Server, Program.cs Kestrel configuration.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Use a reverse proxy (IIS, Nginx, Apache) in front of Kestrel in production.
      • Configure TLS/SSL properly if Kestrel is directly exposed.
      • Set appropriate request size limits and timeouts.

Threat: Insecure Session State Management

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker targets session state management to hijack sessions, steal data, or cause DoS. * How: Exploiting insecure storage, lack of encryption, or predictable session IDs.
    • Impact:
      • Session hijacking and account takeover.
      • Information disclosure of session data.
      • Denial-of-service.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Session Middleware, Session State Providers, Session Cookies.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Avoid In-Memory session state in production.
      • Use distributed cache or persistent storage for session state.
      • Encrypt session state data.
      • Implement session timeouts and idle timeouts.
      • Regenerate session IDs after authentication.

Threat: Middleware Order Vulnerabilities

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker exploits incorrect middleware order to bypass security controls (authentication, authorization, CORS). * How: Crafting requests to bypass security middleware due to incorrect pipeline order.
    • Impact:
      • Bypass of security controls.
      • Unauthorized access to protected resources.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Middleware Pipeline, Startup.cs/Program.cs middleware configuration.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Carefully plan and configure the middleware pipeline in Startup.cs/Program.cs.
      • Ensure correct order of security middleware (Authentication -> Authorization -> CORS).
      • Test middleware pipeline behavior.

Threat: Custom Middleware Vulnerabilities

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker exploits vulnerabilities in custom middleware code (logic errors, insecure data processing). * How: Sending requests that trigger vulnerabilities in custom middleware logic.
    • Impact:
      • Varies widely, including information disclosure, code execution, DoS, or bypass of security controls.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Custom Middleware components, Middleware Pipeline.
    • Risk Severity: Varies (can be High or Critical depending on the vulnerability).
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Apply secure coding practices in custom middleware.
      • Thoroughly test custom middleware (unit, integration, security testing).
      • Conduct code reviews of custom middleware.

Threat: SignalR Hub Vulnerabilities (if using SignalR)

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker exploits SignalR hub vulnerabilities to send unauthorized messages, inject data, or cause DoS. * How: Manipulating WebSocket connections, crafting malicious messages, or exploiting hub method logic.
    • Impact:
      • Unauthorized message broadcasting.
      • Injection attacks through hub methods.
      • Denial-of-service attacks on SignalR connections.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: SignalR Hubs, SignalR Middleware, WebSocket connections.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Implement proper authorization and authentication for SignalR hubs.
      • Validate and sanitize input in hub methods.
      • Limit access to hub methods based on permissions.
      • Protect against message flooding and DoS.
      • Secure WebSocket connections (WSS).

Threat: Blazor Server State Management Vulnerabilities (if using Blazor Server)

  • Description: * Attacker Action: An attacker exploits insecure Blazor Server state management to access other user's state, cause DoS, or hijack sessions. * How: Exploiting weaknesses in server-side state management, session hijacking, cross-user data leakage, or overwhelming server resources.
    • Impact:
      • Cross-user data leakage.
      • Session hijacking and account takeover.
      • Denial-of-service due to excessive server-side state.
    • Affected ASP.NET Core Component: Blazor Server components, Server-side state management in Blazor Server.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Minimize sensitive data in Blazor Server component state.
      • Implement proper session management and timeouts for Blazor Server.
      • Consider Blazor WebAssembly for client-side applications.
      • Monitor server resource usage for Blazor Server applications.