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Threat Model Analysis for hangfireio/hangfire

Threat: Unauthorized Job Manipulation

  • Threat: Unauthorized Job Manipulation

    • Description: An attacker gains unauthorized access to the Hangfire system and creates new malicious jobs, modifies parameters of existing jobs, or reschedules jobs. They achieve this by exploiting weak authentication/authorization specifically within the code interacting with Hangfire's API, or by exploiting vulnerabilities in the application code that uses Hangfire. This is not just about Dashboard access (covered separately), but about any code path that enqueues, modifies, or deletes jobs.
    • Impact:
      • Execution of arbitrary code on the server.
      • Data corruption or deletion.
      • Privilege escalation (if jobs run with elevated privileges).
      • Denial of service.
      • Exposure of sensitive information.
    • Affected Hangfire Component:
      • BackgroundJob.Enqueue() and related methods (for creating jobs).
      • RecurringJob.AddOrUpdate() and related methods (for recurring jobs).
      • Hangfire Storage API (if the application directly interacts with it in an insecure way).
    • Risk Severity: Critical
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Implement robust authentication and authorization before any interaction with the Hangfire API (enqueueing, updating, deleting). This is the primary defense.
      • Rigorously validate all input parameters to jobs to prevent injection attacks. Treat job arguments as untrusted.
      • Use the principle of least privilege: Jobs should execute with the minimum necessary permissions.
      • Consider digitally signing job payloads (if feasible) to ensure integrity.
      • Regularly audit code that interacts with the Hangfire API for security vulnerabilities.

Threat: Denial of Service via Job Queue Flooding

  • Threat: Denial of Service via Job Queue Flooding

    • Description: An attacker submits a massive number of jobs to the Hangfire queue, overwhelming the Hangfire worker processes and preventing legitimate jobs from being processed. This is a direct attack on Hangfire's processing capacity.
    • Impact:
      • Application unavailability or severe performance degradation.
      • Delayed processing of critical business tasks.
      • Potential resource exhaustion (CPU, memory, database connections due to Hangfire activity).
    • Affected Hangfire Component:
      • Hangfire Server (worker processes).
      • Hangfire Storage (queue).
      • BackgroundJob.Enqueue() and related methods (the attack vector).
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Implement strict rate limiting on job enqueueing within the application code. Limit the number of jobs a user/system can submit within a time window. This is the key mitigation.
      • Monitor queue length and worker process utilization. Set up alerts for unusual spikes.
      • Use queue prioritization: Separate queues for different job priorities.
      • Consider circuit breakers to prevent cascading failures.

Threat: Job Poisoning (Malicious Job Code Execution)

  • Threat: Job Poisoning (Malicious Job Code Execution)

    • Description: An attacker injects malicious code into the job's execution logic. This is a direct threat to the code executed by Hangfire workers. The vulnerability might be in the application's job code itself or in a compromised dependency used by that job code.
    • Impact:
      • Complete server compromise.
      • Data exfiltration.
      • Lateral movement.
      • Malware installation.
    • Affected Hangfire Component:
      • Job code itself (the methods executed by Hangfire workers).
      • Dependencies used within job code.
    • Risk Severity: Critical
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Thoroughly vet all dependencies used in job code. Use dependency scanning tools.
      • Implement strict code reviews for all job code.
      • Run worker processes in a sandboxed environment (e.g., containers) with minimal privileges.
      • Robust input validation and output encoding within the job code.
      • Regularly update Hangfire and all related libraries.
      • Use a Software Composition Analysis (SCA) tool.

Threat: Unauthorized Hangfire Dashboard Access

  • Threat: Unauthorized Hangfire Dashboard Access

    • Description: An attacker gains access to the Hangfire Dashboard without authorization. This is a direct threat to the Dashboard component.
    • Impact:
      • Exposure of sensitive job information.
      • Ability to manually trigger, delete, or modify jobs (leading to the same impacts as "Unauthorized Job Manipulation").
      • Denial of service.
    • Affected Hangfire Component:
      • Hangfire Dashboard.
    • Risk Severity: High
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Mandatory: Implement strong authentication and authorization for the Hangfire Dashboard. Use ASP.NET Core Identity, OAuth, or a robust custom solution. Do not rely on IP restrictions alone.
      • Disable the Dashboard in production if not absolutely necessary. If needed, restrict access tightly.
      • Audit Dashboard access logs.
      • Keep Hangfire updated.

Threat: Vulnerable Dependencies

  • Threat: Vulnerable Dependencies

    • Description: Hangfire itself relies on external libraries (dependencies). If these dependencies have known security vulnerabilities, an attacker could exploit them to compromise the system, specifically impacting Hangfire's operation.
    • Impact:
      • Varies greatly, but could range from denial of service to remote code execution within the context of Hangfire's worker processes or Dashboard.
    • Affected Hangfire Component:
      • Hangfire itself (its direct dependencies).
    • Risk Severity: High (depending on the specific vulnerability)
    • Mitigation Strategies:
      • Regularly update Hangfire to the latest version. This is the primary mitigation for Hangfire's own dependencies.
      • Use dependency scanning tools to identify vulnerabilities.
      • Consider using a Software Composition Analysis (SCA) tool.