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Attack Tree Analysis for bitwarden/mobile

Objective: Gain Unauthorized Access to Bitwarden Vault Data on Mobile

Attack Tree Visualization

Goal: Gain Unauthorized Access to Bitwarden Vault Data on Mobile

├── 1. Physical Access to Unlocked Device [HIGH RISK] │ ├── 1.1. Device Left Unattended & Unlocked / 1.2 Stolen & Unlocked [HIGH RISK] │ │ ├── 1.1.1. Open Bitwarden App (if already logged in) │ │ │ └── 1.1.1.1. Directly Access Vault Data [CRITICAL] │ │ ├── 1.1.2. Bypass PIN/Biometric (if enabled, but weak) [HIGH RISK] │ │ │ ├── 1.1.2.1. Guess PIN (short/common PIN) [HIGH RISK] │ │ │ │ └── [CRITICAL] (Leads to vault access) │ │ │ ├── 1.1.2.2. Smudge Attack │ │ │ │ └── [CRITICAL] (Leads to vault access) │ │ │ ├── 1.1.2.3. Shoulder Surfing │ │ │ │ └── [CRITICAL] (Leads to vault access) │ │ │ └── 1.1.2.4. Biometric Spoofing │ │ │ └── [CRITICAL] (Leads to vault access) │ │ └── 1.1.3. Disable Auto-Lock │ │ └── 1.1.3.1. Maintain Persistent Access [CRITICAL] │ └── 1.3. "Evil Maid" Attack │ └── 1.3.1. Copy Vault Data [CRITICAL]

├── 2. Compromise Device Operating System (OS) │ ├── 2.1. Exploit OS Vulnerability (Zero-Day or Unpatched) [HIGH RISK] │ │ ├── 2.1.1. Gain Root/System Privileges [CRITICAL] │ │ │ └── 2.1.1.1. Access Bitwarden App Data / 2.1.1.2 Install Keylogger / 2.1.1.3 Modify App [CRITICAL] │ ├── 2.2. Malware/Spyware Infection [HIGH RISK] │ │ ├── 2.2.1. Phishing/Malicious App Installation [HIGH RISK] │ │ │ └── 2.2.1.1. User Tricked / 2.2.1.2 Drive-by Download │ │ ├── 2.2.2. Keylogger/Screen Recorder / 2.2.3 Data Exfiltration / 2.2.4 Credential Stealing [CRITICAL] │ └── 2.3. Compromised Device Management (MDM/EMM) │ └── 2.3.1 Rogue Profile / 2.3.2 Exploit MDM [CRITICAL]

├── 3. Network-Based Attacks (Specific to Mobile) │ ├── 3.1. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack │ │ ├── 3.1.2. Rogue Access Point [HIGH RISK] │ │ │ └── [CRITICAL] (If successful in intercepting/modifying traffic) │ └── 3.2. Compromised DNS Server │ └── 3.2.1. Redirect to Malicious Server [CRITICAL]

└── 4. Exploit Bitwarden Mobile App Vulnerabilities ├── 4.1. Improper Input Validation / 4.4 Code Injection [HIGH RISK] │ └── [CRITICAL] (If it leads to arbitrary code execution or data access) ├── 4.2. Insecure Data Storage [HIGH RISK] │ └── [CRITICAL] (If unencrypted vault data can be accessed) ├── 4.3. Weak Authentication/Authorization │ ├── 4.3.1. Bypass Biometric [HIGH RISK] │ │ └── [CRITICAL] (Leads to vault access) │ └── 4.3.2. Weak PIN [HIGH RISK] │ └── [CRITICAL] (Leads to vault access) ├── 4.5. Improper Session Management │ └── 4.5.1 Session fixation │ └──[CRITICAL]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Physical Access to Unlocked Device [HIGH RISK]

Description: The attacker gains physical possession of the user's device while it is unlocked and the Bitwarden app is either already open or easily accessible. Vectors: * 1.1.1.1 Directly Access Vault Data [CRITICAL]: If the app is open and unlocked, the attacker has immediate access to all stored credentials. * 1.1.2 Bypass PIN/Biometric [HIGH RISK]: If a PIN or biometric lock is enabled, but weak, the attacker attempts to bypass it. * 1.1.2.1 Guess PIN [HIGH RISK, CRITICAL]: Trying common PINs (1234, 0000, etc.) or short PINs. * 1.1.2.2 Smudge Attack [CRITICAL]: Examining the screen for fingerprint traces to deduce the unlock pattern or PIN. * 1.1.2.3 Shoulder Surfing [CRITICAL]: Observing the user entering their PIN or unlock pattern. * 1.1.2.4 Biometric Spoofing [CRITICAL]: Using a fake fingerprint, photograph, or other method to bypass biometric authentication. * 1.1.3.1 Maintain Persistent Access [CRITICAL]: Disabling the auto-lock feature or setting a very long timeout to keep the device unlocked. * 1.3.1 "Evil Maid" Attack - Copy Vault Data [CRITICAL]: Gaining temporary physical access to copy the vault data to external storage or the cloud.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Compromise Device Operating System (OS) [HIGH RISK]

  • 2.1 Exploit OS Vulnerability (Zero-Day or Unpatched) [HIGH RISK]:

    • Description: The attacker exploits a vulnerability in the mobile operating system (Android or iOS) to gain elevated privileges.
    • Vectors:
      • 2.1.1 Gain Root/System Privileges [CRITICAL]: Achieving full control over the device, bypassing security mechanisms.
        • 2.1.1.1/2/3 Access App Data/Keylogger/Modify App [CRITICAL]: Directly accessing Bitwarden's data, installing a keylogger to capture the master password, or modifying the app's code to disable security features.

  • 2.2 Malware/Spyware Infection [HIGH RISK]:

    • Description: The user's device is infected with malicious software.
    • Vectors:
      • 2.2.1 Phishing/Malicious App Installation [HIGH RISK]: Tricking the user into installing a malicious app or clicking a malicious link.
        • 2.2.1.1 User Tricked / 2.2.1.2 Drive-by Download: Social engineering or exploiting browser vulnerabilities to install malware.
      • 2.2.2/3/4 Keylogger/Screen Recorder/Data Exfiltration/Credential Stealing [CRITICAL]: The malware captures keystrokes (including the master password), records the screen, sends data to the attacker, or specifically targets Bitwarden credentials.

  • 2.3 Compromised Device Management (MDM/EMM)

    • Description: Attacker gains control over device via malicious MDM profile or vulnerability.
    • Vectors:
      • 2.3.1 Rogue Profile / 2.3.2 Exploit MDM [CRITICAL]: Remotely access or control device, potentially accessing Bitwarden data.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Network-Based Attacks (Specific to Mobile) [HIGH RISK (Specific Cases)]

  • 3.1 Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack:

    • Description: The attacker intercepts network traffic between the Bitwarden app and the Bitwarden servers.
    • Vectors:
      • 3.1.2 Rogue Access Point [HIGH RISK, CRITICAL]: The attacker sets up a fake Wi-Fi access point that mimics a legitimate network. If the user connects, the attacker can intercept their traffic.

  • 3.2 Compromised DNS Server:

    • Description: The attacker controls the DNS server the device uses, allowing them to redirect traffic.
    • Vectors:
      • 3.2.1 Redirect to Malicious Server [CRITICAL]: Directing Bitwarden API requests to a fake server controlled by the attacker, potentially leading to a phishing attack.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Exploit Bitwarden Mobile App Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK (Specific Cases)]

  • 4.1 Improper Input Validation / 4.4 Code Injection [HIGH RISK, CRITICAL]:

    • Description: The attacker crafts malicious input that exploits a vulnerability in the app's input handling, potentially leading to code execution.
    • Impact: If successful, this could allow the attacker to bypass security checks, access data, or even gain control of the app.

  • 4.2 Insecure Data Storage [HIGH RISK, CRITICAL]:

    • Description: The app stores sensitive data (like the encrypted vault or encryption keys) insecurely, making it accessible to other apps or attackers with device access.
    • Impact: If the vault data is not properly encrypted at rest, an attacker could access it directly.

  • 4.3 Weak Authentication/Authorization [HIGH RISK]:

    • Description: The app's authentication mechanisms are flawed, allowing attackers to bypass them.
    • Vectors:
      • 4.3.1 Bypass Biometric [HIGH RISK, CRITICAL]: Exploiting a flaw in the biometric authentication implementation to gain access without valid biometric data.
      • 4.3.2 Weak PIN [HIGH RISK, CRITICAL]: Using a weak or easily guessable PIN, or exploiting a lack of rate limiting to brute-force the PIN.

  • 4.5 Improper Session Management

    • Description: Vulnerabilities that allow an attacker to hijack or manipulate user sessions.
    • Vectors:
      • 4.5.1 Session Fixation [CRITICAL]: Attacker sets the session ID before the user authenticates, allowing them to hijack the session after authentication.