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Attack Tree Analysis for go-gitea/gitea

Objective: Compromise Application via Gitea Exploitation (High-Risk Paths)

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise Application via Gitea Exploitation [HIGH-RISK PATH START] ├───[OR]─ Exploit Gitea Web Interface Vulnerabilities [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ ├───[OR]─ Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ ├───[AND]─ Stored XSS [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ ├─── Inject malicious script in repository name/description [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ ├─── Inject malicious script in issue/PR comments [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ └─── Inject malicious script in user profile fields [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ ├───[OR]─ Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ ├───[AND]─ Exploit CSRF in critical actions [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ ├─── Change user settings (email, password, SSH keys) [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ ├─── Modify repository settings (permissions, webhooks) [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ └─── Perform administrative actions (if applicable) [HIGH-RISK PATH] ├───[OR]─ Exploit Gitea API Vulnerabilities │ ├───[OR]─ API Authentication/Authorization Bypass │ │ ├───[AND]─ Exploit API key vulnerabilities │ │ │ ├─── Leak API keys through insecure storage or transmission [HIGH-RISK PATH] ├───[OR]─ Exploit Gitea Configuration/Deployment Issues [HIGH-RISK PATH START] │ ├───[OR]─ Exposed sensitive information [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ ├─── Publicly accessible configuration files (e.g., .env, app.ini if misconfigured web server) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ ├───[OR]─ Insecure Deployment Environment [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ ├───[AND]─ Vulnerable underlying operating system or libraries [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ └─── Exploit known vulnerabilities in OS or dependencies [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ └───[AND]─ Unpatched server software [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ └───[OR]─ Insecure Storage of Sensitive Data [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ └───[AND]─ Unencrypted storage of sensitive data (e.g., API keys, database credentials in plaintext config files) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ └─── Access sensitive data by compromising server or configuration files [HIGH-RISK PATH END] ├───[OR]─ Exploit Gitea Integrations/Features │ ├───[OR]─ Git Submodules/LFS Exploitation [HIGH-RISK PATH START] │ │ ├───[AND]─ Malicious Submodule Injection [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ │ └─── Inject malicious code via a compromised submodule repository [HIGH-RISK PATH END] └───[OR]─ Supply Chain Attacks via Gitea Dependencies (Less direct, but possible) [HIGH-RISK PATH START] └───[AND]─ Compromise Gitea dependencies [HIGH-RISK PATH] └─── Exploit vulnerabilities in third-party libraries used by Gitea [HIGH-RISK PATH END]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Gitea Web Interface Vulnerabilities - Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Stored XSS:
    • Inject malicious script in repository name/description:
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
    • Inject malicious script in issue/PR comments:
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
    • Inject malicious script in user profile fields:
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Description: Attackers inject malicious JavaScript code into Gitea's web interface. When other users interact with the affected content (e.g., view a repository, issue, or profile), the malicious script executes in their browsers, potentially leading to account compromise, data theft, or defacement.
  • Mitigation: Implement robust input validation and output encoding for all user-generated content. Use a Content Security Policy (CSP). Regularly update Gitea and perform security testing.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Gitea Web Interface Vulnerabilities - Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Exploit CSRF in critical actions:
    • Change user settings (email, password, SSH keys):
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
    • Modify repository settings (permissions, webhooks):
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
    • Perform administrative actions (if applicable):
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Description: Attackers trick authenticated users into performing unintended actions on the Gitea application. By crafting malicious requests, attackers can change user settings, modify repository configurations, or even perform administrative tasks if the user has sufficient privileges.
  • Mitigation: Implement CSRF protection tokens for all state-changing operations. Ensure proper validation of these tokens on the server-side.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Gitea API Vulnerabilities - API Authentication/Authorization Bypass - Leak API keys through insecure storage or transmission [HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Leak API keys through insecure storage or transmission:
    • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Easy
  • Description: Developers or administrators might unintentionally expose API keys by storing them in plaintext configuration files, committing them to version control systems, or transmitting them insecurely. If attackers find these leaked keys, they can gain unauthorized access to the Gitea API and potentially manipulate data or access sensitive resources.
  • Mitigation: Store API keys securely using secrets management systems or environment variables. Avoid committing secrets to version control. Use HTTPS for all API communication. Implement secret scanning tools to detect accidental leaks.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Exploit Gitea Configuration/Deployment Issues - Exposed sensitive information - Publicly accessible configuration files [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Publicly accessible configuration files (e.g., .env, app.ini if misconfigured web server):
    • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Easy
  • Description: Misconfigured web servers or improper deployment practices can lead to sensitive configuration files (containing database credentials, API keys, etc.) being publicly accessible. Attackers can easily retrieve these files and gain full access to the application's backend systems and data.
  • Mitigation: Ensure web server configurations prevent direct access to configuration files. Store configuration files outside the web root. Implement regular security audits of web server configurations.

Attack Tree Path: 5. Exploit Gitea Configuration/Deployment Issues - Insecure Deployment Environment - Vulnerable underlying operating system or libraries [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Exploit known vulnerabilities in OS or dependencies:
    • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Critical
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Medium
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Description: Running Gitea on an outdated or unpatched operating system or using vulnerable libraries creates opportunities for attackers to exploit known vulnerabilities. Successful exploitation can lead to full server compromise, command execution, or privilege escalation.
  • Mitigation: Implement a robust patch management process for the operating system and all installed libraries. Regularly scan for vulnerabilities and apply security updates promptly.

Attack Tree Path: 6. Exploit Gitea Configuration/Deployment Issues - Insecure Deployment Environment - Unpatched server software [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Unpatched server software:
    • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Critical
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Medium
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Description: Similar to OS vulnerabilities, running outdated or unpatched server software (like the web server or database server) exposes the Gitea instance to known vulnerabilities. Exploiting these vulnerabilities can result in full server compromise.
  • Mitigation: Implement a patch management process for all server software. Regularly update and patch all server components.

Attack Tree Path: 7. Exploit Gitea Configuration/Deployment Issues - Insecure Storage of Sensitive Data - Unencrypted storage of sensitive data [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Unencrypted storage of sensitive data (e.g., API keys, database credentials in plaintext config files):
    • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: Critical
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
  • Description: Storing sensitive data like API keys, database credentials, or encryption keys in plaintext configuration files or other insecure locations makes them easily accessible if an attacker gains access to the server or configuration files. This can lead to complete system compromise and data breaches.
  • Mitigation: Never store sensitive data in plaintext. Use encryption at rest for sensitive data. Utilize secrets management systems to securely store and manage secrets.

Attack Tree Path: 8. Exploit Gitea Integrations/Features - Git Submodules/LFS Exploitation - Malicious Submodule Injection [HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Malicious Submodule Injection:
    • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Medium
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
  • Description: Attackers can compromise a Git submodule repository and inject malicious code. When developers clone or update the main repository containing this submodule, the malicious code is pulled into their local environments, potentially leading to code execution on developer machines and supply chain compromise.
  • Mitigation: Exercise caution when using submodules from untrusted sources. Regularly audit submodules for potential malicious code. Implement code review processes for submodule updates. Consider using dependency scanning tools for submodules.

Attack Tree Path: 9. Supply Chain Attacks via Gitea Dependencies - Compromise Gitea dependencies - Exploit vulnerabilities in third-party libraries used by Gitea [HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Vectors:

  • Exploit vulnerabilities in third-party libraries used by Gitea:
    • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium to High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Medium
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Description: Gitea relies on various third-party libraries. If vulnerabilities are discovered in these dependencies, attackers can exploit them to compromise the Gitea application. This is a supply chain attack where the vulnerability originates from a dependency rather than Gitea's core code.
  • Mitigation: Implement dependency scanning tools to identify vulnerable dependencies. Regularly update Gitea and its dependencies to the latest versions. Monitor security advisories for Gitea's dependencies. Use Software Composition Analysis (SCA) tools.