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Attack Tree Analysis for grafana/loki

Objective: To compromise the application's confidentiality, integrity, or availability by exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations within the Loki logging system.

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise Application via Loki [CRITICAL NODE]
├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1. Exploit Loki API Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]
│   ├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.1. Authentication/Authorization Bypass [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[AND] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.1.1. Exploit Weak/Default Credentials [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   └───[Action] Implement robust authentication and authorization mechanisms for Loki API access. Use RBAC if available. [CRITICAL NODE]
│   ├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.2.1.2. Craft malicious LogQL queries to cause Denial of Service (resource exhaustion) [CRITICAL NODE]
│   ├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.3. API Denial of Service (DoS) [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[AND] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.3.1. Flooding Loki API with excessive requests [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[AND] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.3.2. Exploiting resource-intensive queries to overload Loki [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   └───[Action] Monitor Loki resource usage and set up alerts for anomalies. [CRITICAL NODE]
├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 2. Exploit Log Ingestion Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]
│   ├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 2.1. Log Injection Attacks [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[AND] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 2.1.2. Inject excessive logs to cause storage exhaustion or performance degradation [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   └───[Action] Regularly audit and secure the entire log ingestion pipeline. [CRITICAL NODE]
├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3. Exploit Loki Configuration/Deployment Weaknesses [CRITICAL NODE]
│   ├───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1. Insecure Configuration [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[AND] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1.1. Running Loki with default or weak configurations [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[AND] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1.2. Exposing Loki API endpoints without proper network segmentation or firewalls [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[AND] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1.3. Insufficient resource limits for Loki components [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   └───[Action] Regularly review and audit Loki configuration for security weaknesses. [CRITICAL NODE]
└───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 4. Regularly monitor storage layer integrity and performance [CRITICAL NODE]
└───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 5. Implement strong access control and monitoring for Loki access [CRITICAL NODE]
└───[OR] [HIGH-RISK PATH] 6. Vulnerability Management process [CRITICAL NODE]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Compromise Application via Loki [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Attack Vector: This is the overarching goal. Success in any of the sub-paths leads to achieving this goal.
  • How Performed: By exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations within the Loki system.
  • Potential Impact: Compromise of application confidentiality, integrity, or availability.
  • Why High-Risk: This is the ultimate objective, and the following paths represent significant risks to achieving it.

Attack Tree Path: 2. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1. Exploit Loki API Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Attack Vector: Targeting vulnerabilities in the Loki API itself.

  • How Performed: Exploiting weaknesses in API authentication, authorization, query handling, or DoS vulnerabilities.

  • Potential Impact: Unauthorized access to logs, data exfiltration, data manipulation, denial of service.

  • Why High-Risk: The API is the primary interface for interacting with Loki, making it a prime target. Successful exploitation can have broad consequences.

    • 2.1. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.1. Authentication/Authorization Bypass [CRITICAL NODE]

      • Attack Vector: Circumventing or bypassing Loki's authentication and authorization mechanisms.

      • How Performed: Exploiting weak/default credentials, authentication bypass vulnerabilities (CVEs), or session hijacking.

      • Potential Impact: Full unauthorized access to Loki API and logs.

      • Why High-Risk: Authentication is the first line of defense. Bypassing it grants attackers significant access.

        • 2.1.1. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.1.1. Exploit Weak/Default Credentials [CRITICAL NODE]
          • Attack Vector: Using default or easily guessable usernames and passwords for Loki API access.
          • How Performed: Brute-force attacks, using lists of default credentials, or simply using well-known default credentials if they haven't been changed.
          • Potential Impact: Full unauthorized access to Loki API and logs.
          • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, High Impact, Very Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Extremely easy to attempt and often successful if default credentials are not changed.

      • 2.2. [Action] Implement robust authentication and authorization mechanisms for Loki API access. Use RBAC if available. [CRITICAL NODE]

        • Mitigation: This action is critical to prevent authentication bypass.
        • Why Critical: Directly addresses the high-risk path of authentication bypass.

    • 2.3. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.2.1.2. Craft malicious LogQL queries to cause Denial of Service (resource exhaustion) [CRITICAL NODE]

      • Attack Vector: Crafting LogQL queries that consume excessive resources on the Loki server, leading to denial of service.
      • How Performed: Designing complex queries, queries with broad time ranges, or queries that trigger inefficient processing within Loki.
      • Potential Impact: Denial of service for Loki logging and potentially applications dependent on Loki.
      • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, Medium Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Relatively easy to execute if query limits are not in place.

    • 2.4. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.3. API Denial of Service (DoS) [CRITICAL NODE]

      • Attack Vector: Overwhelming the Loki API with requests to cause denial of service.

      • How Performed: Flooding the API with excessive requests from a single or distributed source, or sending resource-intensive API requests.

      • Potential Impact: Denial of service for Loki API, preventing log ingestion and querying.

      • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, Medium Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. DoS attacks are common and relatively easy to launch.

        • 2.4.1. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.3.1. Flooding Loki API with excessive requests [CRITICAL NODE]

          • Attack Vector: Sending a large volume of requests to the Loki API endpoints.
          • How Performed: Using simple scripts or readily available DoS tools to flood the API with traffic.
          • Potential Impact: Denial of service for Loki API.
          • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, Medium Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Easy to perform, especially from botnets.

        • 2.4.2. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 1.3.2. Exploiting resource-intensive queries to overload Loki [CRITICAL NODE]

          • Attack Vector: Sending API requests that trigger resource-intensive operations on the Loki server.
          • How Performed: Crafting API requests that lead to complex processing, large data retrieval, or inefficient operations within Loki.
          • Potential Impact: Denial of service for Loki API.
          • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, Medium Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Easy to perform if query complexity limits are not configured.

      • 2.5. [Action] Monitor Loki resource usage and set up alerts for anomalies. [CRITICAL NODE]

        • Mitigation: Essential for detecting and responding to DoS attacks and performance issues.
        • Why Critical: Provides visibility into Loki's health and performance, enabling timely response to DoS attempts.

Attack Tree Path: 3. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 2. Exploit Log Ingestion Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Attack Vector: Targeting vulnerabilities in the log ingestion pipeline of Loki.

  • How Performed: Injecting malicious or excessive logs, exploiting vulnerabilities in the push API or log shippers.

  • Potential Impact: Log data integrity compromise, denial of service, storage exhaustion.

  • Why High-Risk: The log ingestion pipeline is a critical component, and vulnerabilities here can directly impact Loki's functionality and data integrity.

    • 3.1. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 2.1. Log Injection Attacks [CRITICAL NODE]

      • Attack Vector: Injecting malicious or excessive log entries into Loki.

      • How Performed: Sending crafted log entries to the Loki push API, potentially bypassing security controls.

      • Potential Impact: Log poisoning, misleading monitoring, storage exhaustion, performance degradation.

      • Why High-Risk: Log injection can compromise the integrity and availability of the logging system.

        • 3.1.1. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 2.1.2. Inject excessive logs to cause storage exhaustion or performance degradation [CRITICAL NODE]
          • Attack Vector: Flooding Loki with a large volume of logs to exhaust storage space or degrade performance.
          • How Performed: Sending a high rate of log entries to the Loki push API, potentially automated through scripts.
          • Potential Impact: Denial of service for Loki, storage exhaustion, performance degradation.
          • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, Medium Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Easy to perform if log ingestion is not rate-limited.

      • 3.2. [Action] Regularly audit and secure the entire log ingestion pipeline. [CRITICAL NODE]

        • Mitigation: Ensures the security and integrity of the log ingestion process.
        • Why Critical: Addresses vulnerabilities across the entire pipeline, from log shippers to Loki ingestion.

Attack Tree Path: 4. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3. Exploit Loki Configuration/Deployment Weaknesses [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Attack Vector: Exploiting misconfigurations or insecure deployments of Loki.

  • How Performed: Leveraging default configurations, exposed API endpoints, or insufficient resource limits.

  • Potential Impact: Increased attack surface, easier exploitation of other vulnerabilities, denial of service.

  • Why High-Risk: Misconfigurations are common and can create easily exploitable weaknesses.

    • 4.1. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1. Insecure Configuration [CRITICAL NODE]

      • Attack Vector: Running Loki with insecure or default configurations.

      • How Performed: Failing to change default settings, using weak configurations, or overlooking security best practices during setup.

      • Potential Impact: Increased attack surface, easier exploitation of other vulnerabilities.

      • Why High-Risk: Insecure configurations are a common source of vulnerabilities.

        • 4.1.1. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1.1. Running Loki with default or weak configurations [CRITICAL NODE]

          • Attack Vector: Using default or insecure settings for Loki components.
          • How Performed: Deploying Loki without reviewing and hardening the default configuration files.
          • Potential Impact: Increased attack surface, easier exploitation of other vulnerabilities.
          • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, Medium Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Common in initial setups.

        • 4.1.2. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1.2. Exposing Loki API endpoints without proper network segmentation or firewalls [CRITICAL NODE]

          • Attack Vector: Making the Loki API accessible from untrusted networks.
          • How Performed: Deploying Loki without proper network segmentation or firewall rules to restrict access to the API.
          • Potential Impact: Direct access to Loki API from untrusted networks, increased attack surface.
          • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, High Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Common in cloud environments if network security is not well-defined.

        • 4.1.3. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 3.1.3. Insufficient resource limits for Loki components [CRITICAL NODE]

          • Attack Vector: Not setting appropriate resource limits for Loki components.
          • How Performed: Deploying Loki without configuring resource limits for CPU, memory, and storage.
          • Potential Impact: Availability issues, performance degradation, easier DoS attacks.
          • Why High-Risk: Medium Likelihood, Medium Impact, Low Effort, Low Skill Level. Often overlooked in initial deployments.

      • 4.2. [Action] Regularly review and audit Loki configuration for security weaknesses. [CRITICAL NODE]

        • Mitigation: Proactive approach to identify and remediate configuration vulnerabilities.
        • Why Critical: Ensures ongoing security of Loki configuration.

Attack Tree Path: 5. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 4. Regularly monitor storage layer integrity and performance [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Action as High-Risk Path: Lack of monitoring is a high-risk path.
  • Attack Vector: Failure to detect storage layer issues, leading to data loss or integrity compromise.
  • How Performed: Not implementing monitoring for storage layer health, performance, and integrity.
  • Potential Impact: Data loss, data corruption, service disruption, delayed detection of attacks targeting storage.
  • Why High-Risk: Storage layer is critical for data persistence and availability. Lack of monitoring can lead to undetected issues and significant impact.

Attack Tree Path: 6. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 5. Implement strong access control and monitoring for Loki access [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Action as High-Risk Path: Lack of strong access control and monitoring is a high-risk path.
  • Attack Vector: Unauthorized access to Loki due to weak access controls or lack of monitoring.
  • How Performed: Not implementing principle of least privilege, failing to monitor access logs, or not having robust access control mechanisms.
  • Potential Impact: Unauthorized data access, data manipulation, insider threats, delayed detection of malicious activity.
  • Why High-Risk: Access control is fundamental to security. Weak controls and lack of monitoring increase the risk of unauthorized actions.

Attack Tree Path: 7. [HIGH-RISK PATH] 6. Vulnerability Management process [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Action as High-Risk Path: Lack of a vulnerability management process is a high-risk path.
  • Attack Vector: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities in Loki or its dependencies due to lack of patching and updates.
  • How Performed: Not regularly updating Loki and its dependencies, not scanning for vulnerabilities, and not having a process to remediate identified vulnerabilities.
  • Potential Impact: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities, potentially leading to full system compromise.
  • Why High-Risk: Unpatched vulnerabilities are a major attack vector. Lack of a vulnerability management process leaves systems exposed to known threats.