Skip to content

Latest commit

 

History

History
143 lines (109 loc) · 13.2 KB

attack-tree.md

File metadata and controls

143 lines (109 loc) · 13.2 KB

Attack Tree Analysis for mozilla/sops

Objective: Access and Exfiltrate Sensitive Data Managed by SOPS within the Application.

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise Sensitive Data via SOPS Exploitation [CRITICAL NODE]
├───[AND] Bypass SOPS Encryption [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   ├───[OR] Compromise Encryption Keys [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   │   ├───[OR] Compromise KMS Provider Keys (AWS KMS, GCP KMS, Azure Key Vault, HashiCorp Vault) [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   │   │   ├───[OR] Steal KMS Provider Credentials [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Exploit Application Server Vulnerabilities (to access credentials) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Insider Threat/Compromised Developer Account [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   ├───[OR] Compromise age Keys (if using age encryption) [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Steal age Private Keys [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Compromise Developer Workstations [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Social Engineering to Obtain Keys [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   ├───[OR] Compromise PGP Keys (if using PGP encryption) [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Steal PGP Private Keys [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   ├───[OR] Misconfigure or Misuse SOPS [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   │   │   ├───[AND] Insecure Storage of SOPS Encrypted Files [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Exposing SOPS Files in Publicly Accessible Locations (e.g., public web server directories) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Storing SOPS Files in Version Control without Proper Access Control [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   ├───[AND] Improper SOPS Integration in Application Code [HIGH-RISK PATH]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Exposing Decrypted Secrets in Logs or Error Messages [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│   │   │   │   ├───[AND] Leaking Decrypted Secrets via Application Vulnerabilities (e.g., SSRF, XSS if secrets are rendered) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
└───[AND] Exploit Weaknesses in Application Logic Post-Decryption (Beyond SOPS Scope, but relevant context)
    ├───[OR] Application Vulnerabilities Using Decrypted Secrets (SQL Injection, Command Injection, etc.) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Compromise Sensitive Data via SOPS Exploitation [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: This is the attacker's ultimate goal. Success means gaining unauthorized access to sensitive data protected by SOPS.
    • Attack Vectors: All paths in the sub-tree below lead to this goal.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Bypass SOPS Encryption [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Description: To achieve the goal, the attacker must bypass the encryption provided by SOPS. This is a necessary step to access the plaintext secrets.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Compromise Encryption Keys (next node)
      • Misconfigure or Misuse SOPS (later node)

Attack Tree Path: 3. Compromise Encryption Keys [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Description: The most direct way to bypass encryption is to obtain the keys used for encryption.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Compromise KMS Provider Keys (next node)
      • Compromise age Keys (later node)
      • Compromise PGP Keys (later node)

Attack Tree Path: 4. Steal KMS Provider Credentials [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: If using KMS (AWS KMS, GCP KMS, Azure Key Vault, HashiCorp Vault), stealing the credentials that allow access to the KMS service grants the attacker the ability to decrypt secrets.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Exploit Application Server Vulnerabilities (next node)
      • Insider Threat/Compromised Developer Account (later node)

Attack Tree Path: 5. Exploit Application Server Vulnerabilities (to access credentials) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Web application servers often store or have access to KMS credentials (e.g., IAM roles, service account keys, Vault tokens). Exploiting vulnerabilities in the application server can allow an attacker to steal these credentials.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Common Web Application Vulnerabilities: SQL Injection, Remote Code Execution (RCE), Local File Inclusion (LFI), Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF), insecure direct object references, etc.
      • Exploiting Misconfigurations: Weak server configurations, default credentials, exposed management interfaces.
      • Privilege Escalation: Exploiting vulnerabilities to gain higher privileges on the server and access credential stores.

Attack Tree Path: 6. Insider Threat/Compromised Developer Account [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: An insider with malicious intent or a compromised developer account might have legitimate access to KMS credentials or the ability to obtain them.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Malicious Insider Actions: Directly accessing and exfiltrating KMS credentials if permissions allow.
      • Compromised Developer Account: Attacker gains access to a developer's account and uses their legitimate permissions to access KMS credentials.
      • Social Engineering: Tricking insiders into revealing credentials or granting unauthorized access.

Attack Tree Path: 7. Steal age Private Keys [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: If using age encryption, stealing the age private keys allows decryption of secrets encrypted with the corresponding public keys.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Compromise Developer Workstations (next node)
      • Social Engineering to Obtain Keys (later node)

Attack Tree Path: 8. Compromise Developer Workstations [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Developer workstations are often where age private keys are stored or used. Compromising these workstations can lead to key theft.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Malware Infection: Deploying malware (Trojans, spyware, ransomware) to steal keys from disk or memory.
      • Phishing Attacks: Tricking developers into clicking malicious links or opening attachments that install malware or steal credentials.
      • Exploiting Workstation Vulnerabilities: Exploiting operating system or application vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access and steal keys.
      • Physical Access: Gaining physical access to unlocked workstations to copy keys.

Attack Tree Path: 9. Social Engineering to Obtain Keys [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Tricking developers or administrators into revealing age or PGP private keys through social manipulation.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Phishing: Sending emails or messages impersonating legitimate entities to request keys or trick users into revealing them.
      • Pretexting: Creating a believable scenario to convince users to hand over keys (e.g., pretending to be IT support needing the key for troubleshooting).
      • Baiting: Offering something enticing (e.g., a free software, a job opportunity) that, when interacted with, leads to key disclosure.

Attack Tree Path: 10. Steal PGP Private Keys [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: If using PGP encryption, stealing PGP private keys allows decryption of secrets encrypted with the corresponding public keys. Attack vectors are similar to stealing age private keys.
    • Attack Vectors: (Same as Steal age Private Keys - Compromise Developer Workstations, Social Engineering, etc.)

Attack Tree Path: 11. Exposing SOPS Files in Publicly Accessible Locations (e.g., public web server directories) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Accidentally placing SOPS encrypted files in publicly accessible locations, such as web server directories or misconfigured cloud storage buckets.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Misconfiguration of Web Servers: Incorrectly configured web server settings allowing directory listing or access to sensitive directories.
      • Accidental Deployment Errors: Deploying SOPS files to public directories during application deployment.
      • Cloud Storage Misconfigurations: Incorrectly configured permissions on cloud storage buckets making SOPS files publicly readable.

Attack Tree Path: 12. Storing SOPS Files in Version Control without Proper Access Control [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Committing SOPS encrypted files to public or improperly secured version control repositories (like public GitHub repos).
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Accidental Commits to Public Repositories: Developers mistakenly committing sensitive files to public repositories.
      • Insufficient Access Controls on Private Repositories: Private repositories with overly permissive access controls allowing unauthorized users to clone and access SOPS files.
      • Compromised Version Control Accounts: Attacker gains access to a version control account with access to the repository containing SOPS files.

Attack Tree Path: 13. Exposing Decrypted Secrets in Logs or Error Messages [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Application code inadvertently logging decrypted secrets in application logs or displaying them in error messages.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Verbose Logging: Logging decrypted secrets for debugging purposes and forgetting to disable verbose logging in production.
      • Error Handling Issues: Displaying decrypted secrets in error messages or stack traces when exceptions occur.
      • Logging Framework Misconfigurations: Incorrectly configured logging frameworks that inadvertently capture and log sensitive data.

Attack Tree Path: 14. Leaking Decrypted Secrets via Application Vulnerabilities (e.g., SSRF, XSS if secrets are rendered) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Exploiting application vulnerabilities that can lead to the exposure of decrypted secrets.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF): Exploiting SSRF vulnerabilities to read decrypted secrets from internal application memory or files.
      • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): If decrypted secrets are rendered in web pages (which is generally bad practice), XSS vulnerabilities can be used to steal them from user browsers.
      • Information Disclosure Vulnerabilities: Other application vulnerabilities that might unintentionally reveal decrypted secrets in responses or error messages.

Attack Tree Path: 15. Application Vulnerabilities Using Decrypted Secrets (SQL Injection, Command Injection, etc.) [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: While not directly about leaking secrets, vulnerabilities like SQL Injection or Command Injection become critical when they utilize decrypted secrets. Successful exploitation can lead to data breaches or system compromise using the now-compromised secrets.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • SQL Injection: Using decrypted database credentials to perform unauthorized database operations or exfiltrate data.
      • Command Injection: Using decrypted API keys or credentials to execute unauthorized commands on external systems.
      • Authentication Bypass: Using decrypted credentials to bypass authentication mechanisms and gain unauthorized access to application features.