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Attack Tree Analysis for mozilla/sops

Objective: Gain Unauthorized Access to Decrypted Secrets [CRITICAL]

Attack Tree Visualization

                                  Gain Unauthorized Access to Decrypted Secrets [CRITICAL]
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  1. Compromise Encryption/Decryption Keys 2. Exploit SOPS Implementation Flaws 3. Circumvent SOPS (Indirect Attacks) | | |

| | | | | | | | 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.2 2.3 3.2 3.3 KMS PGP Age GCP/AWS/Azure Integration Misconfig- Compromise | Key Key Key IAM Role Flaws uration CI/CD | Comp. Comp. Comp. Compromise Pipeline 3.3.2 [CRITICAL] [CRITICAL] [CRITICAL] [CRITICAL] Leaked Logs [CRITICAL]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Compromise Encryption/Decryption Keys

  • 1.1 KMS Key Compromise [CRITICAL]:

    • Description: Gaining unauthorized access to the master key used within a cloud provider's Key Management Service (AWS KMS, GCP KMS, Azure Key Vault).
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Cloud Provider Vulnerability: Exploiting a zero-day vulnerability in the KMS itself (extremely rare).
      • Insider Threat: A malicious or compromised employee with access to the KMS.
      • Compromised Cloud Credentials: Obtaining access keys or other credentials that grant access to the KMS. This could be through phishing, malware, or credential stuffing attacks.
      • Misconfigured KMS Permissions: Overly permissive KMS policies that allow unauthorized users or services to access the key.
      • Social Engineering: Tricking a privileged user into revealing key information or granting access.

  • 1.2 PGP Key Compromise [CRITICAL]:

    • Description: Obtaining the private PGP key and its associated passphrase used for SOPS encryption/decryption.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Phishing: Tricking the key holder into revealing their private key and passphrase.
      • Malware: Keyloggers or other malware that steal the key and passphrase from the user's system.
      • Physical Theft: Stealing the device (laptop, USB drive, etc.) where the key is stored.
      • Compromised Key Server: If the key is stored on a compromised key server, the attacker could gain access.
      • Weak Passphrase: Brute-forcing or guessing a weak passphrase used to protect the private key.
      • Social Engineering: Tricking user to share key or passphrase.

  • 1.3 Age Key Compromise [CRITICAL]:

    • Description: Obtaining the private Age key used for SOPS encryption/decryption.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Phishing: Tricking the key holder into revealing their private key.
      • Malware: Keyloggers or other malware that steal the key from the user's system.
      • Physical Theft: Stealing the device where the key is stored.
      • Compromised Storage: If the key is stored insecurely (e.g., in a public repository), the attacker could gain access.
      • Social Engineering: Tricking user to share key.

  • 1.4 GCP/AWS/Azure IAM Role Compromise [CRITICAL]:

    • Description: Gaining control of an IAM role that has permissions to access the KMS key used by SOPS.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Compromised Credentials: Obtaining access keys or other credentials associated with the IAM role.
      • Misconfigured IAM Policies: Overly permissive IAM policies that grant the role excessive permissions.
      • Instance Metadata Exploitation: Exploiting vulnerabilities in applications running on cloud instances to steal temporary credentials associated with the instance's IAM role.
      • Cross-Account Access Misconfiguration: If the IAM role has trust relationships with other accounts, misconfigurations could allow attackers to assume the role from a compromised account.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit SOPS Implementation Flaws

  • 2.2 Integration Flaws:

    • Description: Vulnerabilities introduced by how the application interacts with SOPS, not flaws within SOPS itself.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Improper Error Handling: Revealing decrypted secrets or key information in error messages.
      • Insecure API Endpoints: Exposing decrypted secrets through API endpoints without proper authentication or authorization.
      • Logging Decrypted Secrets: Accidentally logging decrypted secrets (see 3.3.2).
      • Insecure Storage of Decrypted Secrets: Storing decrypted secrets in insecure locations (e.g., temporary files, environment variables).
      • Code Injection: If the application is vulnerable to code injection, an attacker could inject code that interacts with SOPS to decrypt secrets.

  • 2.3 Misconfiguration:

    • Description: Incorrect SOPS configuration that weakens security.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Weak Encryption Algorithms: Using outdated or weak encryption algorithms.
      • Insecure .sops.yaml Storage: Storing the .sops.yaml file (which contains key information) in an insecure location (e.g., a public repository).
      • Incorrect KMS Permissions: Misconfiguring KMS permissions, either granting too much access or not enough (preventing legitimate decryption).
      • Ignoring SOPS Warnings: Ignoring warnings or errors generated by SOPS during encryption or decryption.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Circumvent SOPS (Indirect Attacks)

  • 3.2 Compromise CI/CD Pipeline:

    • Description: Gaining control of the CI/CD pipeline to intercept secrets during deployment.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Compromised CI/CD Credentials: Obtaining credentials for the CI/CD system (e.g., Jenkins, GitLab CI, CircleCI).
      • Malicious Code Injection: Injecting malicious code into the build process to steal secrets.
      • Vulnerable Dependencies: Exploiting vulnerabilities in third-party libraries or tools used in the CI/CD pipeline.
      • Misconfigured Pipeline Settings: Exploiting misconfigurations in the pipeline's settings (e.g., exposing environment variables).
      • Compromised Build Server: Gaining access to the server where the CI/CD pipeline runs.

  • 3.3.2 Leaked Logs [CRITICAL]:

    • Description: Obtaining decrypted secrets that have been accidentally logged by the application.
    • Attack Vectors:
      • Improper Logging Configuration: Configuring the application to log sensitive data, including decrypted secrets.
      • Lack of Log Redaction: Failing to redact or mask sensitive information in logs.
      • Compromised Log Server: Gaining access to the server where logs are stored.
      • Log Injection: If the application is vulnerable to log injection, an attacker could inject malicious data that is then logged, potentially revealing secrets.