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Threat Model Analysis for ory/kratos

Threat: Authentication Bypass via Kratos Vulnerabilities

  • Description: An attacker exploits a security flaw in Kratos's authentication logic. They could craft malicious requests or inputs to bypass login procedures, gaining unauthorized access without valid credentials.
  • Impact: Complete bypass of application authentication, leading to unauthorized access to user accounts and application functionalities.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-selfservice-login, kratos-selfservice-registration, kratos-session modules.
  • Risk Severity: Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Keep Kratos updated to the latest version.
    • Regularly review Kratos release notes and security advisories.
    • Implement robust input validation and sanitization in your application.
    • Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing.

Threat: Authorization Bypass due to Misconfigured Kratos Policies

  • Description: An administrator incorrectly configures Kratos authorization policies (Ory Keto integration). An attacker could exploit these misconfigurations to access resources they should not be authorized to access.
  • Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive data and application functionalities. Privilege escalation.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-authorization (Ory Keto integration), Policy Engine.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Follow the principle of least privilege when defining policies.
    • Thoroughly test and review all authorization policies.
    • Implement a robust policy management and review process.
    • Use policy testing tools and frameworks.
    • Regularly audit existing policies.

Threat: Session Hijacking or Fixation via Kratos Session Management Flaws

  • Description: An attacker exploits vulnerabilities in Kratos's session management, such as predictable session IDs or insecure session storage. After obtaining a valid session ID, the attacker can impersonate the legitimate user.
  • Impact: Account takeover and unauthorized access to user data and application functionalities.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-session module, Session Handling.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Ensure Kratos uses secure session storage mechanisms (HTTP-only, Secure cookies).
    • Use strong, unpredictable session IDs.
    • Implement proper session invalidation and timeout mechanisms.
    • Protect against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks.
    • Enforce HTTPS.

Threat: Insecure Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Implementation in Kratos

  • Description: An attacker exploits weaknesses in the MFA implementation within Kratos, such as bypassable MFA factors or insecure recovery mechanisms.
  • Impact: Circumvention of MFA, reducing the security of user accounts and potentially leading to account takeover.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-selfservice-mfa module, MFA flows.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Use strong and reliable MFA factors (e.g., TOTP with strong secret generation, WebAuthn).
    • Implement secure MFA recovery mechanisms.
    • Enforce MFA enrollment for sensitive accounts.
    • Regularly review and test the MFA implementation.

Threat: Account Takeover via Password Reset or Recovery Flow Vulnerabilities in Kratos

  • Description: An attacker exploits weaknesses in Kratos's password reset or account recovery flows, such as insecure password reset links or predictable recovery codes.
  • Impact: Account takeover by attackers who can successfully reset user passwords and gain control of accounts.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-selfservice-recovery, kratos-selfservice-password modules, Password Reset Flows.
  • Risk Severity: Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Use strong, unpredictable, and time-limited password reset tokens.
    • Implement proper email verification during password reset and account recovery.
    • Avoid predictable recovery codes or security questions.
    • Implement rate limiting on password reset requests.

Threat: Exposure of Sensitive Identity Data Stored by Kratos

  • Description: An attacker gains unauthorized access to the database or storage mechanism used by Kratos and extracts sensitive user identity data.
  • Impact: Data breach, privacy violations, and potential misuse of personal information.
  • Kratos Component Affected: Kratos Database (PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc.), Data Storage Layer.
  • Risk Severity: Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Secure the Kratos database with strong access controls and network segmentation.
    • Encrypt sensitive data at rest in the database.
    • Regularly patch and update the database system.
    • Implement robust database access logging and monitoring.

Threat: Data Integrity Issues in Kratos Identity Data

  • Description: An attacker with database access maliciously modifies or corrupts identity data stored within Kratos, leading to account lockout or incorrect user information.
  • Impact: Denial of service (account lockout), data corruption, and potential disruption of application functionality.
  • Kratos Component Affected: Kratos Database, Data Storage Layer, potentially Kratos APIs.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement strong access controls to the Kratos database and Admin API.
    • Use database transaction mechanisms to ensure data consistency.
    • Implement data validation and sanitization on all inputs.
    • Regularly back up Kratos data.
    • Implement data integrity checks and monitoring.

Threat: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerabilities in Kratos UI or Self-Service Flows

  • Description: An attacker exploits XSS vulnerabilities in the Kratos UI for self-service flows, injecting malicious scripts into the user's browser.
  • Impact: Account takeover (session hijacking), session hijacking, defacement of UI, and potential redirection to malicious sites.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-selfservice-ui, Self-Service Flows UI.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Keep Kratos updated to the latest version.
    • Implement robust input validation and output encoding in Kratos UI components.
    • Use a Content Security Policy (CSP).
    • Regularly scan Kratos UI components for XSS vulnerabilities.

Threat: Unauthorized Access to Kratos Admin API

  • Description: An attacker gains unauthorized access to the Kratos Admin API, allowing privileged operations such as managing identities and policies.
  • Impact: Complete compromise of the identity management system, allowing attackers to control user accounts and policies.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-admin-api, Admin API Endpoints, API Key Management.
  • Risk Severity: Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Securely manage Kratos Admin API keys using secrets management systems.
    • Restrict access to the Admin API to authorized users and services only.
    • Implement strong authentication and authorization for the Admin API.
    • Regularly audit access to the Admin API.

Threat: API Vulnerabilities in Kratos Public or Admin APIs

  • Description: An attacker exploits vulnerabilities in the Kratos APIs (public or admin), such as injection flaws or insecure deserialization, to gain unauthorized access or manipulate data.
  • Impact: Data breaches, unauthorized access, privilege escalation, and potential disruption of identity management services.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-public-api, kratos-admin-api, API Endpoints.
  • Risk Severity: High
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Keep Kratos updated to the latest version.
    • Implement secure API development practices.
    • Regularly scan Kratos APIs for vulnerabilities.
    • Conduct penetration testing of Kratos APIs.

Threat: Insecure API Key Management for Kratos Admin API

  • Description: Weak or insecure management of API keys for the Kratos Admin API, leading to potential compromise of keys and unauthorized Admin API access.
  • Impact: Unauthorized access to the Kratos Admin API, potentially leading to complete compromise of the identity management system.
  • Kratos Component Affected: kratos-admin-api, API Key Management.
  • Risk Severity: Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Use secure secrets management systems to store and manage API keys.
    • Avoid hardcoding API keys in code or configuration files.
    • Use environment variables to inject API keys.
    • Implement API key rotation and revocation mechanisms.

Threat: Misconfiguration of Kratos Settings

  • Description: Incorrectly configuring Kratos settings, such as insecure defaults or exposed endpoints, leading to security vulnerabilities.
  • Impact: Various vulnerabilities depending on the misconfiguration, potentially leading to data breaches or unauthorized access.
  • Kratos Component Affected: Kratos Configuration, Deployment Settings.
  • Risk Severity: High (for critical misconfigurations)
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Follow Kratos security best practices and configuration guidelines.
    • Review and understand all Kratos configuration options.
    • Use secure configuration templates and automation tools.
    • Regularly review Kratos configuration.

Threat: Outdated Kratos Version with Known Vulnerabilities

  • Description: Running an outdated version of Kratos with known security vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers.
  • Impact: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities leading to various security breaches.
  • Kratos Component Affected: All Kratos Components.
  • Risk Severity: High to Critical
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Keep Kratos updated to the latest stable version.
    • Subscribe to Kratos security advisories and release notes.
    • Implement a regular patching and update process.