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Attack Tree Analysis for ory/kratos

Objective: Gain Unauthorized Access (Root) [!]

Attack Tree Visualization

                                 Gain Unauthorized Access (Root) [!]
                                              |
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      |                                         |                                         |
  1. Exploit Kratos Configuration 2. Compromise Kratos Flows 3. Attack Kratos Dependencies | | |

| | | | | 1.1 Weak Secrets 1.2 Misconfigured 2.3 Flow 3.1 Vulnerable Database (e.g., Courier) [!] Identity Schemas [!] Abandonment Adapter (e.g., SQL) [!] | | | 2.3.1 Incomplete Validation

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Kratos Configuration

  • 1.1 Weak Secrets (e.g., Courier) [!]

    • Description: Kratos relies on secrets for various functionalities, such as sending emails via the Courier service. If these secrets are weak (default passwords, easily guessable, reused), an attacker can compromise these services. A compromised Courier could allow sending phishing emails, intercepting password reset links, or gaining access to other systems if the same credentials are used elsewhere.
    • Likelihood: Medium
    • Impact: High
    • Effort: Low
    • Skill Level: Script Kiddie / Beginner
    • Detection Difficulty: Medium
    • Mitigation:
      • Use strong, randomly generated secrets.
      • Regularly rotate secrets.
      • Use a secure secret management solution (e.g., HashiCorp Vault).
      • Audit configuration files to ensure secrets are not hardcoded.
      • Implement least privilege for service accounts.

  • 1.2 Misconfigured Identity Schemas [!]

    • Description: Identity schemas define the structure of user data. Misconfigurations can lead to vulnerabilities:
      • Overly permissive traits: Users modifying traits they shouldn't (e.g., roles).
      • Insufficient validation: Allowing injection attacks or data corruption.
      • Missing required fields: Incomplete or inconsistent user data.
      • Exposing sensitive data: Unnecessarily exposing sensitive information.
    • Likelihood: Medium
    • Impact: High
    • Effort: Medium
    • Skill Level: Intermediate
    • Detection Difficulty: Hard
    • Mitigation:
      • Carefully review and validate identity schemas using a schema validation tool.
      • Apply the principle of least privilege to data exposure.
      • Implement strict input validation.
      • Conduct regular audits of identity schemas.
      • Utilize Kratos's built-in schema validation features.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Compromise Kratos Flows

  • 2.3 Flow Abandonment:
    • 2.3.1 Incomplete Validation
      • Description: Kratos uses "flows" (registration, login, recovery). If the application doesn't properly validate the completion of a flow, an attacker might bypass steps or exploit incomplete state. For example, skipping email verification but still gaining access.
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium to High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
      • Mitigation:
        • Thoroughly validate the state of each flow at each step.
        • Use Kratos's built-in flow management features correctly.
        • Implement robust error handling for flow failures.
        • Enforce all required steps before granting access or completing a process.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Attack Kratos Dependencies

  • 3.1 Vulnerable Database Adapter (e.g., SQL) [!]
    • Description: Kratos uses database adapters (PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc.). Vulnerabilities in the adapter or the database itself (misconfiguration, weak passwords, exposed ports) can lead to complete data compromise.
    • Likelihood: Low to Medium
    • Impact: Very High
    • Effort: Medium to High
    • Skill Level: Intermediate to Advanced
    • Detection Difficulty: Medium to Hard
    • Mitigation:
      • Keep the database adapter and database software up-to-date.
      • Follow database security best practices (strong passwords, restricted access, encryption).
      • Regularly audit database configurations.
      • Use a dedicated database user for Kratos with minimal privileges.
      • Implement network segmentation to limit database access.