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Attack Tree Analysis for uber-go/zap

Objective: Compromise Application via Zap Exploitation

Attack Tree Visualization

Attack Goal: Compromise Application via Zap Exploitation [CRITICAL NODE] ├───[AND] 1. Exploit Log Injection Vulnerabilities [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE] │ ├───[OR] 1.1. Direct Log Injection [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ └───[AND] 1.1.1. Application logs user-controlled input without sanitization [CRITICAL NODE] │ │ └───[AND] 1.1.1.2.2. Log Injection Attacks (if logs are processed by other systems) [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Example] 1.1.1.2.2.1. Exploiting Log Aggregation/Monitoring tools (e.g., XSS in Kibana dashboards) [CRITICAL NODE] │ └───[OR] 1.2. Indirect Log Injection │ └───[AND] 1.2.1.1. Attacker exploits vulnerability (e.g., SQL Injection, Command Injection) [CRITICAL NODE] ├───[AND] 2. Exploit Resource Exhaustion via Logging [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE] │ ├───[OR] 2.1. Excessive Log Volume Generation [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ └───[AND] 2.1.1.1. Application logs excessively on specific events [CRITICAL NODE] │ │ └───[AND] 2.1.1.2.1. Denial of Service (DoS) due to resource exhaustion (CPU, I/O, Disk) [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ └───[OR] 2.2. Large Log Message Attacks │ └───[AND] 2.2.1.1. Application logs large data structures or uncontrolled input [CRITICAL NODE] │ └───[AND] 2.2.1.2.1. Memory Exhaustion (application or logging infrastructure) [HIGH-RISK PATH] ├───[AND] 3. Exploit Misconfiguration of Zap [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE] │ ├───[OR] 3.1. Insecure Log Output Destinations [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ └───[AND] 3.1.1. Zap configured to write logs to insecure or publicly accessible locations [CRITICAL NODE] │ │ └───[AND] 3.1.1.2.1. Information Disclosure (sensitive data in logs) [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ │ └───[AND] 3.1.1.2.2. Credential Exposure (if credentials are inadvertently logged) [HIGH-RISK PATH] │ └───[OR] 3.2. Overly Verbose Logging in Production │ └───[AND] 3.2.1. Application configured to log excessive detail in production environments [CRITICAL NODE]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Log Injection Vulnerabilities [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]:

  • Attack Vector: Attackers inject malicious data into application logs by exploiting insufficient input sanitization or application vulnerabilities.
  • Critical Node: Application logs user-controlled input without sanitization:
    • Description: The application directly logs user-provided input without proper validation or encoding.
    • Risk: Allows attackers to embed malicious payloads within log messages.
    • Mitigation: Sanitize and validate all user inputs before logging. Use structured logging to separate data from log messages. Encode user input appropriately if it must be included in log messages.
  • High-Risk Path: Direct Log Injection:
    • Description: Attackers directly inject malicious payloads through user-controlled input that is logged by the application.
    • Attack Steps:
      • Identify application endpoints logging user input.
      • Craft malicious payloads in user input (e.g., special characters, escape sequences).
      • Application logs the unsanitized input.
    • Impact: Log tampering, log injection attacks on downstream systems, information disclosure.
  • High-Risk Path: Log Injection Attacks (if logs are processed by other systems):
    • Description: Exploiting injected payloads in logs when they are processed by downstream systems like log aggregators or monitoring dashboards.
    • Critical Node: Exploiting Log Aggregation/Monitoring tools (e.g., XSS in Kibana dashboards):
      • Description: Injecting payloads that are executed when logs are viewed in tools like Kibana, leading to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) or other attacks on administrators.
      • Risk: Compromise of administrator accounts, further attacks on the infrastructure via compromised admin sessions.
      • Mitigation: Sanitize log data before ingestion into downstream systems. Implement proper security configurations for log aggregation and monitoring tools.
  • Critical Node: Attacker exploits vulnerability (e.g., SQL Injection, Command Injection):
    • Description: Exploiting application vulnerabilities to control data that is subsequently logged.
    • Risk: Indirect log injection, and the primary vulnerability itself can lead to broader application compromise.
    • Mitigation: Implement secure coding practices to prevent common web application vulnerabilities like SQL Injection and Command Injection.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Resource Exhaustion via Logging [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]:

  • Attack Vector: Attackers overwhelm the application or logging infrastructure by generating excessive log volume or large log messages.
  • High-Risk Path: Excessive Log Volume Generation:
    • Description: Attackers trigger actions that cause the application to generate a massive number of logs.
    • Critical Node: Application logs excessively on specific events:
      • Description: The application is configured to log too much information for certain events, making it vulnerable to volume-based attacks.
      • Risk: Denial of Service (DoS), performance degradation, log storage overflow.
      • Mitigation: Review and optimize logging configurations. Implement rate limiting and throttling to prevent abuse. Use appropriate log levels in production.
    • High-Risk Path: Denial of Service (DoS) due to resource exhaustion (CPU, I/O, Disk):
      • Description: Excessive log generation consumes system resources, leading to application unavailability.
      • Impact: Application downtime, service disruption.
      • Mitigation: Implement resource monitoring and alerting. Capacity planning for logging infrastructure.
  • Critical Node: Application logs large data structures or uncontrolled input:
    • Description: The application logs very large data structures or uncontrolled input, leading to large log messages.
    • Risk: Memory exhaustion, disk space exhaustion, performance degradation.
    • Mitigation: Limit the size of data logged. Avoid logging large data structures directly. Validate and sanitize input before logging.
    • High-Risk Path: Memory Exhaustion (application or logging infrastructure):
      • Description: Processing and outputting very large log messages consumes excessive memory, potentially crashing the application or logging infrastructure.
      • Impact: Application crash, service disruption.
      • Mitigation: Implement memory monitoring and alerting. Limit log message size.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Misconfiguration of Zap [HIGH-RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]:

  • Attack Vector: Attackers exploit insecure configurations of Zap or its usage, leading to information disclosure or other security breaches.
  • High-Risk Path: Insecure Log Output Destinations:
    • Description: Zap is configured to write logs to insecure or publicly accessible locations.
    • Critical Node: Zap configured to write logs to insecure or publicly accessible locations:
      • Description: Misconfiguration of Zap's output sinks, such as writing logs to world-readable files or exposed network endpoints.
      • Risk: Information disclosure, credential exposure.
      • Mitigation: Configure Zap to write logs to secure locations with appropriate access controls. Follow the principle of least privilege for log access.
    • High-Risk Path: Information Disclosure (sensitive data in logs):
      • Description: Sensitive information within logs becomes accessible to unauthorized parties due to insecure log destinations.
      • Impact: Data breach, privacy violations, reputational damage.
      • Mitigation: Avoid logging sensitive data. If necessary, use masking, anonymization, or redaction. Secure log storage and access.
    • High-Risk Path: Credential Exposure (if credentials are inadvertently logged):
      • Description: Credentials (API keys, passwords, etc.) are inadvertently logged and become accessible due to insecure log destinations.
      • Impact: Account compromise, unauthorized access, further attacks.
      • Mitigation: Never log credentials. Implement credential management best practices. Regularly audit logs for accidental credential logging.
  • Critical Node: Application configured to log excessive detail in production environments:
    • Description: Debug or verbose logging levels are enabled in production, logging unnecessary or sensitive information.
    • Risk: Increased risk of information disclosure, performance overhead.
    • Mitigation: Use minimal logging levels in production. Reserve verbose logging for development and staging environments or temporary troubleshooting.