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Attack Tree Analysis for jenkinsci/pipeline-model-definition-plugin

Objective: Compromise Application via Jenkins Pipeline Model Definition Plugin (Focus on High-Risk Paths)

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise Application (CRITICAL NODE - Root Goal)
├── Exploit Pipeline Definition Vulnerabilities (CRITICAL NODE - Major Attack Vector)
│   └── Groovy Script Injection (CRITICAL NODE - High Impact) **HIGH RISK PATH**
│       ├── Gain ability to modify pipeline definition (CRITICAL NODE - Prerequisite) **HIGH RISK PATH**
│       │   ├── Compromise Jenkins User Account with Pipeline Edit Permissions **HIGH RISK PATH**
│       │   └── Inject malicious code within declarative pipeline stages (e.g., `script` block, `steps`) **HIGH RISK PATH**
│       └── Pipeline executes malicious Groovy code on Jenkins Master or Agent (CRITICAL NODE - Code Execution) **HIGH RISK PATH**
│           ├── Impact: Data Breach (access application secrets, source code, build artifacts) (CRITICAL NODE - High Impact) **HIGH RISK PATH**
│           └── Impact: Supply Chain Attack (inject malware into application build) (CRITICAL NODE - High Impact) **HIGH RISK PATH**
├── Insecure Pipeline Configuration **HIGH RISK PATH**
│   ├── Misconfigure pipeline settings within declarative syntax **HIGH RISK PATH**
│   │   └── Example: Expose sensitive information in pipeline logs or build artifacts due to misconfiguration **HIGH RISK PATH**
│   └── Misconfiguration leads to unintended security weaknesses **HIGH RISK PATH**
│       └── Achieve: Information Disclosure (secrets in logs, artifacts) (CRITICAL NODE - Information Disclosure) **HIGH RISK PATH**
└── Abuse Plugin Features for Malicious Purposes **HIGH RISK PATH**
    ├── Resource Exhaustion via Pipeline Definition **HIGH RISK PATH**
    │   ├── Craft pipeline definition that consumes excessive resources (CPU, memory, disk I/O) **HIGH RISK PATH**
    │   │   └── Example: Looping constructs, large data processing within pipeline **HIGH RISK PATH**
    │   └── Pipeline execution overwhelms Jenkins Master or Agent **HIGH RISK PATH**
    │       └── Achieve: Denial of Service (Jenkins instance becomes unresponsive) (CRITICAL NODE - Denial of Service) **HIGH RISK PATH**
    └── Information Leakage via Pipeline Output **HIGH RISK PATH**
        ├── Design pipeline to intentionally expose sensitive information in build logs or artifacts **HIGH RISK PATH**
        │   └── Example: Print environment variables, secrets, configuration files to logs **HIGH RISK PATH**
        └── Attacker gains access to pipeline output (logs, artifacts) **HIGH RISK PATH**
            └── Achieve: Information Disclosure (secrets, configuration details) (CRITICAL NODE - Information Disclosure) **HIGH RISK PATH**

Attack Tree Path: 1. Groovy Script Injection (Critical Node & High-Risk Path):

  • Attack Vector:
    • Attacker gains the ability to modify pipeline definitions. This can be achieved by:
      • Compromising a Jenkins User Account: Using techniques like password attacks, phishing, or social engineering to gain access to an account with pipeline edit permissions.
      • Exploiting Jenkins Authentication/Authorization Bypass (Less Likely): Finding and exploiting a vulnerability in Jenkins itself that allows bypassing authentication or authorization checks.
    • Once access is gained, the attacker injects malicious Groovy code within declarative pipeline stages, such as script blocks or within steps that allow script execution.
    • When the pipeline executes, the injected Groovy code runs on the Jenkins Master or Agent with the privileges of the Jenkins process.
  • Impact:
    • Code Execution: Arbitrary code execution on Jenkins infrastructure.
    • Data Breach: Access to application secrets, source code, build artifacts stored within Jenkins or accessible from the Jenkins environment.
    • Supply Chain Attack: Injecting malware or backdoors into the application build process, potentially affecting a wide range of users.
    • Service Disruption: Malicious builds, resource exhaustion, or intentional disruption of Jenkins services.
  • Mitigation:
    • Strong Access Control: Implement robust authentication and authorization mechanisms for Jenkins. Use strong passwords, Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). Regularly review and audit user permissions.
    • Minimize Script Usage: Limit the use of script blocks in declarative pipelines. If scripting is necessary, carefully review and sanitize any inputs used in scripts.
    • Input Validation and Sanitization: Thoroughly validate and sanitize all inputs used in pipeline definitions, especially if they come from external sources or user input.
    • Content Security Policy (CSP): Implement CSP headers in Jenkins to mitigate certain types of script injection attacks (though might be less directly applicable to pipeline execution context).
    • Runtime Monitoring: Monitor Jenkins Master and Agent processes for unusual activity or code execution patterns.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Insecure Pipeline Configuration (High-Risk Path):

  • Attack Vector:
    • Developers or administrators misconfigure pipeline settings within the declarative syntax. Common misconfigurations include:
      • Exposing Sensitive Information in Logs or Artifacts: Accidentally or intentionally printing environment variables, secrets, credentials, or configuration files to pipeline logs or build artifacts.
      • Weakening Security Checks (Less Likely in Declarative): While less common in declarative pipelines, there might be misconfiguration options that inadvertently weaken security measures.
    • Attackers gain access to pipeline output (logs, artifacts) through Jenkins UI, API, or compromised accounts.
  • Impact:
    • Information Disclosure: Exposure of sensitive secrets, credentials, API keys, and configuration details. This can lead to further compromise of applications and systems.
    • Weakened Security Posture: Misconfigurations can create vulnerabilities that are easier to exploit by other attack vectors.
  • Mitigation:
    • Secure Secrets Management: Utilize Jenkins' built-in credential management system or external secret stores to securely manage sensitive information. Avoid hardcoding secrets in pipeline definitions.
    • Regular Configuration Reviews: Conduct regular reviews of pipeline configurations to identify and rectify any misconfigurations or security weaknesses.
    • Secret Scanning Tools: Implement automated secret scanning tools to detect accidental exposure of secrets in pipeline definitions, logs, and artifacts.
    • Principle of Least Privilege: Grant only necessary permissions to pipelines and users. Avoid overly permissive configurations.
    • Secure Logging Practices: Avoid logging sensitive information. Sanitize logs to remove any accidental exposure of secrets.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Resource Exhaustion via Pipeline Definition (High-Risk Path):

  • Attack Vector:
    • Attackers craft a malicious pipeline definition that is designed to consume excessive system resources (CPU, memory, disk I/O) on the Jenkins Master or Agent.
    • Examples include:
      • Infinite Loops or Deeply Nested Loops: Creating pipeline stages with looping constructs that run indefinitely or for an extremely long time.
      • Large Data Processing: Including steps that process very large datasets or perform computationally intensive operations without proper resource management.
    • When the pipeline is executed, it overwhelms the Jenkins infrastructure, leading to resource exhaustion.
  • Impact:
    • Denial of Service (DoS): Jenkins instance becomes unresponsive or crashes, disrupting build and deployment processes.
    • Performance Degradation: Jenkins performance significantly degrades, impacting all users and pipelines.
  • Mitigation:
    • Resource Limits and Quotas: Implement resource limits and quotas for pipeline executions. Jenkins provides mechanisms to control resource consumption by builds and agents.
    • Pipeline Code Review: Review pipeline definitions for resource-intensive operations or potential infinite loops before deployment.
    • Monitoring and Alerting: Monitor Jenkins Master and Agent resource usage (CPU, memory, disk I/O). Set up alerts for unusual resource consumption patterns.
    • Rate Limiting and Throttling: Implement rate limiting or throttling mechanisms for pipeline executions if necessary to prevent abuse.
    • Input Validation and Sanitization (for pipeline parameters): If pipeline parameters can influence resource consumption, validate and sanitize them to prevent malicious input that could trigger resource exhaustion.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Information Leakage via Pipeline Output (High-Risk Path):

  • Attack Vector:
    • Attackers intentionally design a pipeline to expose sensitive information in build logs or artifacts.
    • Examples include:
      • Printing Environment Variables: Explicitly printing environment variables to logs, which might contain secrets or credentials.
      • Logging Configuration Files: Logging the contents of configuration files that contain sensitive information.
      • Including Secrets in Artifacts: Accidentally or intentionally including secrets or credentials in build artifacts that are stored and accessible through Jenkins.
    • Attackers gain access to pipeline output (logs, artifacts) through Jenkins UI, API, or compromised accounts.
  • Impact:
    • Information Disclosure: Exposure of sensitive secrets, credentials, API keys, and configuration details.
  • Mitigation:
    • Secure Logging Practices: Strictly avoid logging sensitive information in pipelines. Sanitize logs to remove any accidental exposure.
    • Artifact Security: Ensure that build artifacts are stored securely and access is controlled. Avoid including secrets or credentials in artifacts.
    • Output Sanitization: Implement mechanisms to sanitize pipeline output before it is displayed or stored, removing any sensitive information.
    • Access Control for Logs and Artifacts: Implement access control policies to restrict who can view pipeline logs and download artifacts.
    • Regular Audits of Pipeline Output: Periodically audit pipeline logs and artifacts to identify and address any unintentional information leakage.