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Attack Tree Analysis for jfrog/artifactory-user-plugins

Objective: Compromise Application Using Artifactory User Plugins [CRITICAL NODE - Root Goal]

Attack Tree Visualization

Attack Goal: Compromise Application Using Artifactory User Plugins [CRITICAL NODE - Root Goal]
└───(OR)─> 1. Exploit Malicious Plugin Upload [CRITICAL NODE - Attack Vector] [HIGH RISK PATH]
│       └───(AND)─> 1.1. Gain Access to Plugin Upload Mechanism [CRITICAL NODE - Access Control Weakness] [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               ├───(OR)─> 1.1.2. Credential Compromise of Authorized User [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               └───(AND)─> 1.2. Upload Malicious Plugin [CRITICAL NODE - Malicious Payload] [HIGH RISK PATH]
│                       ├───(OR)─> 1.2.1. Plugin Contains Backdoor/Remote Access [HIGH RISK PATH]
│                       ├───(OR)─> 1.2.2. Plugin Executes Arbitrary Code on Artifactory/Application Server [HIGH RISK PATH]
│                       └───(OR)─> 1.2.3. Plugin Exfiltrates Sensitive Data [HIGH RISK PATH]
└───(OR)─> 2. Exploit Vulnerabilities in Legitimate Plugins [CRITICAL NODE - Vulnerability Management] [HIGH RISK PATH]
│       └───(AND)─> 2.1. Identify Vulnerable Plugin [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               ├───(OR)─> 2.1.1. Publicly Known Vulnerability (CVE) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               └───(OR)─> 2.1.3. Vulnerability Introduced by Plugin Dependencies [HIGH RISK PATH]
│       └───(AND)─> 2.2. Exploit Plugin Vulnerability [CRITICAL NODE - Exploitation Point] [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               ├───(OR)─> 2.2.1. Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Plugin [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               ├───(OR)─> 2.2.2. Information Disclosure via Plugin [HIGH RISK PATH]
└───(OR)─> 3. Exploit Plugin Misconfiguration or Abuse [HIGH RISK PATH]
│       └───(AND)─> 3.1. Identify Misconfigured/Abusable Plugin Feature [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               ├───(OR)─> 3.1.1. Overly Permissive Plugin Permissions [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               └───(OR)─> 3.1.3. Default or Weak Plugin Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
│       └───(AND)─> 3.2. Abuse Plugin Misconfiguration/Feature [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               ├───(OR)─> 3.2.1. Data Manipulation via Plugin Feature [HIGH RISK PATH]
│               └───(OR)─> 3.2.2. Access Control Bypass via Plugin Misconfiguration [HIGH RISK PATH]

Attack Tree Path: Exploit Malicious Plugin Upload [CRITICAL NODE - Attack Vector] [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: An attacker uploads a plugin specifically crafted to be malicious to the Artifactory instance.
  • Why High-Risk: High likelihood if access to upload is gained, and critical impact due to the potential for full system compromise, data breach, or persistent access.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement strong authentication and authorization for plugin upload functionality.
    • Scan uploaded plugins for malware and vulnerabilities before deployment.
    • Implement a manual review and approval process for all plugin uploads.
    • Consider sandboxing or isolating plugin execution environments.

Attack Tree Path: Gain Access to Plugin Upload Mechanism [CRITICAL NODE - Access Control Weakness] [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: The attacker needs to bypass security controls to gain the ability to upload plugins.
  • Why High-Risk: Essential step for malicious plugin upload, directly enables further high-impact attacks.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Enforce multi-factor authentication for administrative accounts and plugin upload roles.
    • Implement robust authorization to restrict plugin upload permissions to only necessary users.
    • Regularly audit user permissions and roles related to plugin management.

Attack Tree Path: Credential Compromise of Authorized User [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attacker compromises the credentials (username/password) of a legitimate user who has permissions to upload plugins. This can be through phishing, password reuse, brute-force attacks, or other credential theft methods.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood due to common credential compromise techniques, and high impact as it grants direct access to plugin upload functionality.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Enforce strong password policies and encourage users to use unique, complex passwords.
    • Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all administrative and plugin upload accounts.
    • Provide user security awareness training to prevent phishing and password reuse.
    • Monitor for suspicious login attempts and credential stuffing attacks.

Attack Tree Path: Upload Malicious Plugin [CRITICAL NODE - Malicious Payload] [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Once upload access is gained, the attacker uploads the malicious plugin file.
  • Why High-Risk: Direct delivery of the malicious payload, enabling immediate execution of malicious actions.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement robust plugin scanning (antivirus, static analysis) during the upload process.
    • Thoroughly review plugin code before deployment, even after automated scanning.
    • Use code signing to verify the integrity and origin of plugins (if applicable).

Attack Tree Path: Plugin Contains Backdoor/Remote Access [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: The malicious plugin is designed to install a backdoor or establish remote access to the Artifactory server or the underlying application infrastructure.
  • Why High-Risk: High likelihood if malicious plugin is uploaded, and critical impact due to persistent, unauthorized access and control.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Deep code analysis of plugins to identify backdoor-like functionalities.
    • Runtime monitoring of plugin behavior for suspicious network connections or process execution.
    • Implement network segmentation and least privilege to limit the impact of a compromised server.

Attack Tree Path: Plugin Executes Arbitrary Code on Artifactory/Application Server [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: The malicious plugin is designed to execute arbitrary code when loaded or triggered within Artifactory or the application server's context.
  • Why High-Risk: High likelihood if malicious plugin is uploaded, and critical impact due to potential full system compromise, data manipulation, or service disruption.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Strict input validation and output encoding in plugin code to prevent injection vulnerabilities.
    • Sandboxing or isolation of plugin execution environments to limit the scope of code execution.
    • Runtime security monitoring to detect and prevent unauthorized code execution.

Attack Tree Path: Plugin Exfiltrates Sensitive Data [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: The malicious plugin is designed to steal sensitive data from Artifactory, the application, or the underlying infrastructure and transmit it to an attacker-controlled location.
  • Why High-Risk: High likelihood if malicious plugin is uploaded, and high impact due to data breach and confidentiality loss.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Data Loss Prevention (DLP) measures to monitor and prevent sensitive data exfiltration.
    • Network traffic monitoring to detect unusual outbound connections and data transfers.
    • Principle of least privilege to limit plugin access to sensitive data.

Attack Tree Path: Exploit Vulnerabilities in Legitimate Plugins [CRITICAL NODE - Vulnerability Management] [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attackers exploit security vulnerabilities present in plugins that are intended to be legitimate but contain coding flaws.
  • Why High-Risk: High impact due to potential for RCE, data breaches, and service disruption, and medium likelihood as vulnerabilities are often discovered in software, including plugins.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Implement a robust vulnerability scanning program for all deployed plugins.
    • Maintain an inventory of plugins and their versions.
    • Establish a rapid patching process to address identified vulnerabilities promptly.
    • Subscribe to security advisories and vulnerability databases relevant to Artifactory and its plugins.

Attack Tree Path: Identify Vulnerable Plugin [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attackers actively search for and identify plugins with known or zero-day vulnerabilities.
  • Why High-Risk: Necessary step to exploit plugin vulnerabilities, and relatively easy for attackers to perform using automated tools and public vulnerability databases.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Proactive vulnerability scanning to identify vulnerable plugins before attackers do.
    • Regularly review plugin versions and check for known vulnerabilities (CVEs).
    • Conduct security code reviews and penetration testing of plugins to identify zero-day vulnerabilities.

Attack Tree Path: Publicly Known Vulnerability (CVE) [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attackers exploit publicly known vulnerabilities (with CVE identifiers) in plugins.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood as CVEs are discovered, and high to critical impact depending on the vulnerability type (RCE, etc.). Easy for attackers to exploit using readily available exploit code.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Aggressive patch management and vulnerability remediation process.
    • Use vulnerability scanners to identify plugins with known CVEs.
    • Monitor security advisories and vulnerability databases for plugin-related CVEs.

Attack Tree Path: Vulnerability Introduced by Plugin Dependencies [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Vulnerabilities are present not directly in the plugin code, but in the external libraries or dependencies that the plugin uses.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood as dependency vulnerabilities are common, and high to critical impact depending on the vulnerability. Often overlooked in plugin security assessments.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Maintain a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) for plugins to track dependencies.
    • Use dependency scanning tools to identify vulnerabilities in plugin dependencies.
    • Regularly update plugin dependencies to the latest secure versions.

Attack Tree Path: Exploit Plugin Vulnerability [CRITICAL NODE - Exploitation Point] [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: The attacker leverages a discovered vulnerability in a plugin to perform malicious actions.
  • Why High-Risk: Direct exploitation leading to immediate impact, often resulting in critical consequences like RCE or data breaches.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Rapid patching and vulnerability remediation is paramount.
    • Implement intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) to detect and block exploitation attempts.
    • Runtime application self-protection (RASP) to mitigate exploitation attempts at runtime.

Attack Tree Path: Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Plugin [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Exploiting a plugin vulnerability allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the Artifactory server or application server.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood if vulnerabilities exist, and critical impact due to full system compromise.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Prioritize patching RCE vulnerabilities above all others.
    • Implement code-level defenses to prevent RCE vulnerabilities in plugins (input validation, safe coding practices).
    • Runtime security monitoring to detect and prevent unauthorized code execution.

Attack Tree Path: Information Disclosure via Plugin [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Exploiting a plugin vulnerability leads to the disclosure of sensitive information (configuration, credentials, data) that should be protected.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium to high likelihood as information disclosure bugs are common, and medium to high impact due to confidentiality loss and potential for further attacks.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Code reviews and static analysis to identify information disclosure vulnerabilities.
    • Principle of least privilege to limit plugin access to sensitive data.
    • Data access monitoring and audit logging to detect unauthorized data access.

Attack Tree Path: Exploit Plugin Misconfiguration or Abuse [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attackers exploit plugins that are misconfigured or abuse the intended functionality of plugins in unintended and harmful ways.
  • Why High-Risk: High risk due to the likelihood of configuration errors and the potential for significant impact through data manipulation, access control bypass, or resource exhaustion.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Provide secure default configurations for plugins.
    • Regularly audit plugin configurations to identify and correct misconfigurations.
    • Document plugin configurations and best practices for secure usage.
    • Monitor plugin activity for unusual or abusive behavior.

Attack Tree Path: Identify Misconfigured/Abusable Plugin Feature [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attackers identify plugin features that are misconfigured or can be abused for malicious purposes.
  • Why High-Risk: Necessary step to exploit misconfigurations, and relatively easy for attackers to perform through configuration review and plugin testing.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Regular configuration audits and security assessments of plugins.
    • Penetration testing to identify abusable plugin features and misconfigurations.
    • Security hardening guides and best practices for plugin configuration.

Attack Tree Path: Overly Permissive Plugin Permissions [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Plugins are granted excessive permissions that are not necessary for their intended function, allowing attackers to abuse these permissions.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood due to common configuration errors, and medium to high impact due to potential for unauthorized access and data manipulation.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Principle of least privilege - grant plugins only the minimum necessary permissions.
    • Regularly review and audit plugin permissions.
    • Implement role-based access control for plugin permissions.

Attack Tree Path: Default or Weak Plugin Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Plugins are deployed with default configurations that are insecure or weak, making them easier to exploit or abuse.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood as default configurations are often less secure, and medium impact depending on the weakness. Easy for attackers to identify and exploit default configurations.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Provide secure default configurations for plugins.
    • Force or encourage users to change default configurations to secure settings.
    • Configuration validation and enforcement mechanisms.

Attack Tree Path: Abuse Plugin Misconfiguration/Feature [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attackers leverage identified misconfigurations or abusable features to perform malicious actions.
  • Why High-Risk: Direct abuse leading to immediate impact, potentially causing data manipulation, access control bypass, or service disruption.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Correct identified misconfigurations promptly.
    • Disable or restrict abusable plugin features if necessary.
    • Implement monitoring and alerting for abuse of plugin functionalities.

Attack Tree Path: Data Manipulation via Plugin Feature [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Abusing a plugin's functionality or misconfiguration to modify or delete data within Artifactory or the application.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood if misconfiguration exists, and medium to high impact due to data integrity loss and business impact.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Data integrity checks and validation mechanisms.
    • Audit logging of data modifications performed by plugins.
    • Implement access controls to limit data manipulation capabilities of plugins.

Attack Tree Path: Access Control Bypass via Plugin Misconfiguration [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Plugin misconfiguration allows attackers to bypass normal access controls and gain unauthorized access to resources or functionalities.
  • Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood if misconfiguration exists, and high impact due to unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
  • Mitigation Strategies:
    • Robust access control mechanisms and enforcement.
    • Regular access control audits and reviews.
    • Principle of least privilege to minimize the impact of access control bypass.