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Attack Tree Analysis for apache/solr

Objective: Exfiltrate Data AND/OR Achieve RCE on Solr Server

Attack Tree Visualization

                                     +-------------------------------------------------+
                                     |  Exfiltrate Data AND/OR Achieve RCE on Solr Server |
                                     +-------------------------------------------------+
                                                        |
          +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
          |                                                                                                                |
+-------------------------+                                      +-------------------------------------+                +--------------------------------+
|  1. Unauthorized Access  |                                      |  2. Exploit Solr Vulnerabilities   |                | 3. Configuration Weaknesses   |
+-------------------------+                                      +-------------------------------------+                +--------------------------------+
          |                                                                  |                                                     |
+---------+---------+                                  +-----------------+------------+        +----------------+----------------+
| 1.2     | 1.4     |                                  | 2.1 [CRITICAL]  | 2.3        |        | 3.1            | 3.2 [CRITICAL]  |
| Guess/  | Leakage |                                  | Velocity        | Unpatched  |        | Unnecessary    | Default        |
| Brute   | of      |                                  | Template (RCE) | CVEs       |        | Features       | Credentials    |
| Force   | creds   |                                  |                 | [HIGH-RISK]|        | Enabled        |                |
+---------+---------+                                  +-----------------+------------+        +----------------+----------------+
                                                                                                                                |
                                                                                                                        +----------------+
                                                                                                                        |      3.4       |
                                                                                                                        |    Overly      |
                                                                                                                        |  Permissive    |
                                                                                                                        |    Configs     |
                                                                                                                        +----------------+

Attack Tree Path: [CRITICAL] Node 2.1: Velocity Template Injection (RCE)

  • Description: Exploits vulnerabilities in the VelocityResponseWriter to achieve Remote Code Execution. This is a direct path to full system compromise.
  • Likelihood: Medium (depends on usage and configuration of Velocity)
  • Impact: Very High (RCE)
  • Effort: Medium
  • Skill Level: Intermediate
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Mitigation:
    • Disable the VelocityResponseWriter if not absolutely necessary.
    • If Velocity is required, use a secure uberspector and strictly validate all user-supplied input.
    • Ensure Solr is patched against known Velocity vulnerabilities (e.g., CVE-2019-17558).

Attack Tree Path: [CRITICAL] Node 3.2: Default Credentials

  • Description: Using default or easily guessable credentials for the Solr admin interface or other components. This provides direct, unauthorized access.
  • Likelihood: Medium (unfortunately, still common)
  • Impact: Very High (full access)
  • Effort: Very Low
  • Skill Level: Novice
  • Detection Difficulty: Very Easy
  • Mitigation:
    • Change all default credentials immediately upon installation.
    • Use strong, unique passwords.
    • Implement multi-factor authentication.

Attack Tree Path: [HIGH-RISK] Node 2.3: Unpatched CVEs

  • Description: Exploiting known, unpatched Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) in the specific Solr version.
  • Likelihood: High (if not patched)
  • Impact: Variable (depends on the CVE, but many allow RCE or data exfiltration)
  • Effort: Low (often public exploits are available)
  • Skill Level: Novice/Intermediate
  • Detection Difficulty: Easy/Medium (Easy with vulnerability scanning, Medium with logs)
  • Mitigation:
    • Maintain an up-to-date Solr installation.
    • Subscribe to Solr security announcements and apply patches immediately.
    • Use a vulnerability scanner.

Attack Tree Path: Node 1.2: Guess/Brute-Force Credentials

  • Description: Attempting to guess usernames and passwords or using brute-force attacks to gain unauthorized access.
  • Likelihood: Medium (depends on password policies and rate limiting)
  • Impact: High (full access)
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Novice
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Mitigation:
    • Enforce strong password policies.
    • Implement account lockout mechanisms.
    • Use multi-factor authentication.
    • Monitor for failed login attempts.

Attack Tree Path: Node 1.4: Leakage of Credentials

  • Description: Finding credentials exposed in source code, configuration files, logs, or through other information disclosure vulnerabilities.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: High (full access)
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Novice
  • Detection Difficulty: Easy
  • Mitigation:
    • Never hardcode credentials.
    • Use environment variables or secure configuration management tools.
    • Regularly audit code and configurations for exposed credentials.
    • Implement proper access controls to sensitive files.

Attack Tree Path: Node 3.1: Unnecessary Features Enabled

  • Description: Having features like the Admin UI, example collections, or unnecessary request handlers enabled increases the attack surface.
  • Likelihood: High
  • Impact: Medium
  • Effort: Very Low
  • Skill Level: Novice
  • Detection Difficulty: Very Easy
  • Mitigation:
    • Disable all unnecessary features and request handlers.
    • Regularly review the enabled features and disable anything not strictly required.

Attack Tree Path: Node 3.4: Overly Permissive Configs

  • Description: Using overly broad permissions or allowing access from untrusted networks. This includes things like allowing updates from any IP address.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Novice
  • Detection Difficulty: Easy
  • Mitigation:
    • Use the principle of least privilege.
    • Restrict network access to Solr using firewalls and Solr's built-in security features (IP filtering).
    • Regularly review and audit Solr configurations.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path 1: 3.2 -> Unauthorized Access -> 2.1/2.3

Default credentials provide direct access, enabling exploitation of Velocity RCE or unpatched CVEs.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path 2: 2.3 -> Direct Compromise

Unpatched CVEs can directly lead to compromise.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path 3: 3.1 + 3.4 -> Increased Attack Surface -> 2.1

Unnecessary features and permissive configs make it easier to exploit vulnerabilities like Velocity RCE.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path 4: 1.4 -> Unauthorized Access -> 2.1/2.3

Leaked credentials provide direct access, enabling exploitation of Velocity RCE or unpatched CVEs.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path 5: 1.2 -> Unauthorized Access -> 2.1/2.3

Successful brute-force or credential guessing also grants unauthorized access, leading to the same exploitation possibilities.