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Attack Tree Analysis for elastic/logstash

Objective: Gain unauthorized access to the application's data, resources, or control flow by leveraging vulnerabilities or misconfigurations within the Logstash component of the application infrastructure, focusing on high-risk attack vectors.

Attack Tree Visualization

Root: Compromise Application via Logstash

    1. **Exploit Logstash Input Stage**
        1.1. **Malicious Input Data Injection**
            1.1.1. **Inject Malicious Payloads via Log Sources**
                1.1.1.1. **Compromise Log-Generating Application/System**
        1.2. **Input Plugin Configuration Vulnerabilities**
            1.2.1. **Misconfigured File Input (e.g., Access to Sensitive Files)**

    2. Exploit Logstash Filter Stage
        2.2. **Filter Configuration Vulnerabilities**
            2.2.1. **Insecure Grok Patterns (e.g., Regex Denial of Service)**
            2.2.2. **Logic Errors in Filter Pipelines (e.g., Data Leakage, Bypass Security Checks)**
            2.2.3. **Code Injection via Scripting Filters (e.g., Ruby filter)**

    3. **Exploit Logstash Output Stage**
        3.2. **Output Configuration Vulnerabilities**
            3.2.1. **Misconfigured Output Destination (e.g., Unsecured Elasticsearch, Public File Share)**
            3.2.2. **Credential Exposure in Output Configuration**
                3.2.2.1. **Plaintext Credentials in Logstash Configuration Files**
                3.2.2.2. **Weak Permissions on Configuration Files**

    4. **Exploit Logstash Core Vulnerabilities**
        4.1. **Vulnerabilities in Logstash Core Engine**
            4.1.1. **Identify Known CVEs in Logstash Core**
            4.1.2. **Exploit Unpatched Vulnerabilities**

    5. Exploit Logstash Plugin Management
        5.1. Malicious Plugin Installation
            5.1.2. **Manually Install Backdoored Plugin**

    6. Exploit Logstash Dependencies
        6.1. **Vulnerabilities in Java Runtime Environment (JRE)**
            6.1.1. **Identify Vulnerable JRE Version**
            6.1.2. **Exploit JRE Vulnerabilities**
        6.2. **Vulnerabilities in Third-Party Libraries**
            6.2.1. **Identify Vulnerable Libraries Used by Logstash or Plugins**
            6.2.2. **Exploit Library Vulnerabilities**

    7. **Exploit Logstash Deployment Environment**
        7.1. **Weak Host Security**
            7.1.1. **Compromise Host Operating System**
            7.1.2. **Exploit Weak Access Controls on Logstash Server**

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Logstash Input Stage

  • 1.1. Malicious Input Data Injection:

    • Attack Vector: Injecting malicious payloads disguised as log data into Logstash input streams.

    • Risk: Code execution, data manipulation, denial of service, bypassing security controls.

    • Mitigation:

      • Robust input validation and sanitization in Logstash filter pipelines.
      • Secure log source systems to prevent compromise.
      • Network segmentation to limit access to log sources.

    • 1.1.1. Inject Malicious Payloads via Log Sources:

      • Attack Vector: Compromising log-generating applications or systems to inject malicious log entries.

      • Risk: Direct injection of malicious commands or data into Logstash processing.

      • Mitigation:

        • Secure log-generating applications and systems (patching, hardening, access controls).
        • Implement strong authentication and authorization for log sources.

      • 1.1.1.1. Compromise Log-Generating Application/System:

        • Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities in applications or systems that generate logs consumed by Logstash.
        • Risk: Full control over log data, potential for system compromise via Logstash processing.
        • Mitigation:
          • Secure development practices for log-generating applications.
          • Regular vulnerability scanning and patching of these systems.
          • Strong access controls and monitoring.

  • 1.2. Input Plugin Configuration Vulnerabilities:

    • Attack Vector: Misconfiguring input plugins to expose sensitive data or allow unauthorized access.

    • Risk: Information disclosure, unauthorized access to sensitive files, data breaches.

    • Mitigation:

      • Regularly review and audit input plugin configurations.
      • Apply principle of least privilege when configuring file access.
      • Implement authentication and authorization for network-based inputs.

    • 1.2.1. Misconfigured File Input (e.g., Access to Sensitive Files):

      • Attack Vector: Configuring the file input plugin to read from directories containing sensitive files accessible to attackers.
      • Risk: Information disclosure of sensitive data contained in files.
      • Mitigation:
        • Restrict file access permissions for Logstash process.
        • Carefully configure file input paths to avoid sensitive directories.
        • Regularly audit file input configurations.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Logstash Filter Stage

  • 2.2. Filter Configuration Vulnerabilities:

    • Attack Vector: Misconfigurations in filter pipelines leading to vulnerabilities.

    • Risk: Denial of service, data leakage, security bypass, code execution (via scripting filters).

    • Mitigation:

      • Thoroughly test and validate filter configurations.
      • Use secure and efficient Grok patterns.
      • Minimize use of scripting filters or carefully control their configuration sources.
      • Implement code review for custom filters.

    • 2.2.1. Insecure Grok Patterns (e.g., Regex Denial of Service):

      • Attack Vector: Using complex or poorly written Grok patterns vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS).
      • Risk: Logstash service disruption, denial of service.
      • Mitigation:
        • Use efficient and well-tested Grok patterns.
        • Test Grok patterns for ReDoS vulnerabilities.
        • Implement resource limits and monitoring for Logstash.

    • 2.2.2. Logic Errors in Filter Pipelines (e.g., Data Leakage, Bypass Security Checks):

      • Attack Vector: Flaws in filter pipeline logic leading to data leakage or bypassing security checks.
      • Risk: Data breaches, security control failures, unauthorized access.
      • Mitigation:
        • Rigorous testing and validation of filter pipeline logic.
        • Code review of filter configurations.
        • Implement security checks and data masking within filter pipelines.

    • 2.2.3. Code Injection via Scripting Filters (e.g., Ruby filter):

      • Attack Vector: Code injection through scripting filters like the ruby filter if configuration is dynamically generated or influenced by untrusted sources.
      • Risk: Arbitrary code execution on the Logstash server.
      • Mitigation:
        • Avoid dynamic configuration of scripting filters.
        • Carefully control the source of scripting filter configurations.
        • Implement strict input validation for data used in scripting filters.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Logstash Output Stage

  • 3.2. Output Configuration Vulnerabilities:

    • Attack Vector: Misconfiguring output plugins to expose sensitive data or credentials.

    • Risk: Data breaches, credential theft, unauthorized access to downstream systems.

    • Mitigation:

      • Secure output destinations (authentication, authorization, encryption).
      • Securely manage credentials for output plugins (secrets management).
      • Regularly review and audit output plugin configurations.

    • 3.2.1. Misconfigured Output Destination (e.g., Unsecured Elasticsearch, Public File Share):

      • Attack Vector: Sending logs to unsecured destinations like public Elasticsearch instances or file shares.
      • Risk: Data breaches, public exposure of sensitive log data.
      • Mitigation:
        • Secure all output destinations with authentication and authorization.
        • Use encrypted communication channels to output destinations.
        • Avoid outputting sensitive data to publicly accessible locations.

    • 3.2.2. Credential Exposure in Output Configuration:

      • Attack Vector: Storing credentials in plaintext or with weak permissions in Logstash configuration files.

      • Risk: Credential theft, unauthorized access to output destinations and potentially lateral movement.

      • Mitigation:

        • Never store credentials in plaintext in configuration files.
        • Use secrets management solutions to securely store and retrieve credentials.
        • Implement strict file permissions on configuration files.

      • 3.2.2.1. Plaintext Credentials in Logstash Configuration Files:

        • Attack Vector: Directly embedding plaintext passwords, API keys, or other secrets in Logstash configuration files.
        • Risk: Easy credential theft if configuration files are accessed.
        • Mitigation:
          • Utilize secure credential storage mechanisms (secrets management).
          • Remove plaintext credentials from configuration files.

      • 3.2.2.2. Weak Permissions on Configuration Files:

        • Attack Vector: Insufficiently restrictive file permissions on Logstash configuration files allowing unauthorized access.
        • Risk: Unauthorized access to configuration files, potential credential theft.
        • Mitigation:
          • Set restrictive file permissions on Logstash configuration files (e.g., read-only for Logstash process, restricted access for administrators).
          • Regularly audit file permissions.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Exploit Logstash Core Vulnerabilities

  • 4.1. Vulnerabilities in Logstash Core Engine:

    • Attack Vector: Exploiting known or zero-day vulnerabilities in the Logstash core engine.

    • Risk: System compromise, code execution, denial of service.

    • Mitigation:

      • Regularly update Logstash core to the latest patched version.
      • Implement vulnerability scanning and patching processes.
      • Monitor security advisories for Logstash.

    • 4.1.1. Identify Known CVEs in Logstash Core:

      • Attack Vector: Attackers researching and identifying known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) in the running Logstash version.
      • Risk: Discovery of exploitable vulnerabilities.
      • Mitigation:
        • Proactive vulnerability scanning and monitoring of CVE databases.
        • Maintain an inventory of Logstash versions in use.

    • 4.1.2. Exploit Unpatched Vulnerabilities:

      • Attack Vector: Exploiting known vulnerabilities in Logstash core that have not been patched.
      • Risk: System compromise, code execution, full control over Logstash server.
      • Mitigation:
        • Timely patching of Logstash core vulnerabilities.
        • Intrusion detection and prevention systems to detect exploit attempts.

Attack Tree Path: 5. Exploit Logstash Plugin Management

  • 5.1. Malicious Plugin Installation:

    • Attack Vector: Installing malicious or backdoored plugins to compromise Logstash.

    • Risk: System compromise, code execution, data manipulation, persistence.

    • Mitigation:

      • Only install plugins from trusted sources.
      • Implement plugin integrity checks.
      • Monitor plugin installations and updates.

    • 5.1.2. Manually Install Backdoored Plugin:

      • Attack Vector: An attacker with administrative access manually installing a malicious plugin.
      • Risk: Full system compromise via a backdoored plugin.
      • Mitigation:
        • Restrict administrative access to Logstash servers.
        • Implement file integrity monitoring to detect unauthorized plugin installations.
        • Regularly audit installed plugins.

Attack Tree Path: 6. Exploit Logstash Dependencies

  • 6.1. Vulnerabilities in Java Runtime Environment (JRE):

    • Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities in the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) that Logstash relies on.

    • Risk: System compromise, code execution, denial of service.

    • Mitigation:

      • Regularly update the JRE to the latest patched version.
      • Implement vulnerability scanning for JRE.
      • Follow JRE security best practices.

    • 6.1.1. Identify Vulnerable JRE Version:

      • Attack Vector: Identifying vulnerable JRE versions used by Logstash.
      • Risk: Discovery of exploitable JRE vulnerabilities.
      • Mitigation:
        • Maintain an inventory of JRE versions in use.
        • Proactive vulnerability scanning of JRE versions.

    • 6.1.2. Exploit JRE Vulnerabilities:

      • Attack Vector: Exploiting known vulnerabilities in the JRE to compromise the Logstash process or host system.
      • Risk: System compromise, code execution, full control over Logstash server.
      • Mitigation:
        • Timely patching of JRE vulnerabilities.
        • Intrusion detection and prevention systems to detect exploit attempts.

  • 6.2. Vulnerabilities in Third-Party Libraries:

    • Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities in third-party libraries used by Logstash or its plugins.

    • Risk: System compromise, code execution, denial of service.

    • Mitigation:

      • Regularly scan Logstash and plugin dependencies for vulnerabilities.
      • Update vulnerable libraries to patched versions.
      • Implement dependency management practices.

    • 6.2.1. Identify Vulnerable Libraries Used by Logstash or Plugins:

      • Attack Vector: Identifying vulnerable third-party libraries used by Logstash and its plugins.
      • Risk: Discovery of exploitable library vulnerabilities.
      • Mitigation:
        • Automated dependency scanning tools.
        • Software composition analysis.
        • Maintain an inventory of Logstash dependencies.

    • 6.2.2. Exploit Library Vulnerabilities:

      • Attack Vector: Exploiting known vulnerabilities in third-party libraries to compromise Logstash.
      • Risk: System compromise, code execution, potential for wider application compromise.
      • Mitigation:
        • Timely patching of vulnerable libraries.
        • Intrusion detection and prevention systems to detect exploit attempts.

Attack Tree Path: 7. Exploit Logstash Deployment Environment

  • 7.1. Weak Host Security:

    • Attack Vector: Exploiting weaknesses in the security of the host operating system running Logstash.

    • Risk: Full system compromise, unauthorized access, data breaches.

    • Mitigation:

      • Harden the host operating system (patching, access controls, security configurations).
      • Implement strong access controls for the Logstash server.
      • Regular security audits of the host environment.

    • 7.1.1. Compromise Host Operating System:

      • Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations in the host operating system.
      • Risk: Full control over the host system, including Logstash and potentially other applications.
      • Mitigation:
        • Regular OS patching and updates.
        • Operating system hardening best practices.
        • Intrusion detection and prevention systems.

    • 7.1.2. Exploit Weak Access Controls on Logstash Server:

      • Attack Vector: Exploiting weak access controls (e.g., default passwords, overly permissive firewall rules) on the Logstash server.
      • Risk: Unauthorized access to the Logstash server, potential for configuration changes, data access, or further compromise.
      • Mitigation:
        • Implement strong authentication and authorization for Logstash server access.
        • Enforce principle of least privilege.
        • Regularly audit access controls and firewall rules.