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Attack Tree Analysis for arrow-kt/arrow

Objective: To achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE) or a significant Denial of Service (DoS) on an application leveraging Arrow-kt, by exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations related to Arrow's features.

Attack Tree Visualization

[Attacker Goal: RCE or DoS via Arrow-kt] |

| | [Exploit Resource Exhaustion] [Abuse Error Handling] [Exploit Concurrency Issues] |

| | | | [Misuse Lens for Unintended State] [*** Trigger Stack Overflow via ] [ Exploit Raise [*** Race Conditions due to Improper ] [Modification] [ Deeply Nested Folds/Traversals ] for Uncaught Exceptions ] [ Synchronization with Shared State ] | ------> | ------> | ------> | | | | [Find Vulnerable Lens Implementation] [ Craft Input to Maximize ] [ Data Corruption/Inconsistency ] | [ Fold/Traversal Depth ] | [Bypass Access Control via Lens] [ DoS via CPU/Memory Exhaustion ***] | | [Modify Security-Critical Data] |

| [Exploit kClass.cast or Similar] [for Unsafe Type Conversions]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Resource Exhaustion

  • High-Risk Path:

    • ---***---> [Trigger Stack Overflow via Deeply Nested Folds/Traversals]
      • Description: An attacker crafts malicious input containing deeply nested data structures. When Arrow's fold, traverse, or similar functions process this input, the recursive calls consume excessive stack space, leading to a stack overflow and application crash (DoS).
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Easy
    • ---***---> [Craft Input to Maximize Fold/Traversal Depth]
      • Description: Similar to the stack overflow attack, but the attacker focuses on maximizing the depth of processing even if it doesn't directly cause a stack overflow. This can lead to excessive CPU and memory consumption.
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Easy
    • [*** DoS via CPU/Memory Exhaustion ***]
      • Description: The ultimate goal of the resource exhaustion attacks. The attacker successfully crashes the application or makes it unresponsive by consuming excessive resources.
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Easy

  • Critical Node (Not on highlighted path):

    • [Misuse Lens for Unintended State Modification]
      • Description: An attacker exploits a vulnerability in a custom Lens implementation or uses reflection to bypass intended access restrictions. This allows them to modify data they shouldn't have access to, potentially including security-critical information.
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Intermediate to Advanced
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
    • [Find Vulnerable Lens Implementation]
      • Description: Find implementation of Lens that has vulnerability.
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: High
      • Skill Level: Advanced
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
    • [Bypass Access Control via Lens]
      • Description: Use Lens to bypass access control.
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Advanced
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
    • [Modify Security-Critical Data]
      • Description: Modify security-critical data using Lens.
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: Very High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Advanced
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium

Attack Tree Path: 2. Abuse Error Handling

  • High-Risk Path:
    • ---***---> [Exploit Raise for Uncaught Exceptions]
      • Description: The application uses Arrow's Raise effect for error handling. If errors are not properly caught and handled with a corresponding catch block (or equivalent), an unhandled exception can occur, crashing the application (DoS).
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Easy

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Concurrency Issues

  • High-Risk Path:
    • ---***---> [Race Conditions due to Improper Synchronization with Shared State]
      • Description: The application uses Arrow's concurrency features (e.g., parZip, parMap) to perform operations in parallel. If shared mutable state is accessed by multiple threads without proper synchronization (e.g., mutexes, atomic operations), race conditions can occur.
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Intermediate to Advanced
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
    • [*** Data Corruption/Inconsistency ***]
      • Description: The result of a successful race condition. Data is left in an inconsistent or corrupted state due to unpredictable thread interleaving.
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Intermediate to Advanced
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard

Attack Tree Path: 4. Critical Node (Outside High-Risk Paths):

* `[Exploit `kClass.cast` or Similar for Unsafe Type Conversions]`
    * **Description:** An attacker manages to control the type parameter used in a type cast operation (e.g., using `kClass.cast`). This allows them to force an unsafe type conversion, potentially leading to type confusion and, in extreme cases, arbitrary code execution. This is a very difficult attack to pull off in practice, but the potential impact is very high.
    * **Likelihood:** Low
    * **Impact:** High
    * **Effort:** High
    * **Skill Level:** Expert
    * **Detection Difficulty:** Hard