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Attack Tree Analysis for ktorio/ktor

Objective: Compromise Ktor Application

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise Ktor Application [CRITICAL]
├───[1] Exploit Configuration Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL]
│   ├───[1.1] Misconfigured Security Headers [CRITICAL]
│   │   ├───[1.1.1] Missing or Weak Content Security Policy (CSP) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[1.1.1.a] Inject malicious scripts (XSS) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[1.1.1.b] Data exfiltration via script injection [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   ├───[1.2] Exposed Sensitive Endpoints/Routes [CRITICAL]
│   │   ├───[1.2.1] Debug/Admin endpoints accessible without authentication [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[1.2.1.a] Gain administrative access [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[1.2.1.b] Data manipulation/deletion [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
├───[2] Exploit Input Validation and Data Handling Vulnerabilities (Ktor Features) [CRITICAL]
│   ├───[2.1] Deserialization Vulnerabilities (Ktor Content Negotiation) [CRITICAL]
│   │   ├───[2.1.1] Insecure Deserialization via vulnerable serializers (e.g., Jackson, kotlinx.serialization if misconfigured) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[2.1.1.a] Remote Code Execution (RCE) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[2.1.1.b] Denial of Service (DoS) [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   └───[2.1.2] Lack of Input Validation after Deserialization [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[2.1.2.a] Business logic bypass [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   │       └───[2.1.2.b] Data corruption [HIGH-RISK]
│   ├───[2.3] File Upload Vulnerabilities (Ktor File Handling) [CRITICAL]
│   │   ├───[2.3.1] Unrestricted File Upload Type/Size [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[2.3.1.a] Upload malicious executable files [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[2.3.1.b] Denial of Service (disk exhaustion) [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   └───[2.3.2] Path Traversal via Filename Manipulation [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[2.3.2.a] Read/Write arbitrary files on the server [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   └───[2.3.3] Lack of Sanitization of Uploaded File Content
│   │   │       └───[2.3.3.b] Code injection if processing file content as code [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
├───[3] Exploit Authentication and Authorization Weaknesses (Ktor Authentication/Authorization Features) [CRITICAL]
│   ├───[3.1] Broken Authentication Mechanisms (Ktor Authentication) [CRITICAL]
│   │   ├───[3.1.1] Weak or Default Credentials in Example Code/Documentation copied directly [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[3.1.1.a] Unauthorized Access [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   └───[3.1.2] Insecure Session Management (Ktor Sessions) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[3.1.2.b] Session hijacking [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   └───[3.1.3] Vulnerabilities in Custom Authentication Implementations using Ktor features [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[3.1.3.b] Cryptographic weaknesses in custom token generation/validation [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   ├───[3.2] Inadequate Authorization (Ktor Authorization) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   ├───[3.2.1] Missing Authorization Checks on Sensitive Routes [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[3.2.1.a] Privilege Escalation [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[3.2.1.b] Unauthorized Data Access/Modification [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   └───[3.2.2] Flawed Authorization Logic [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[3.2.2.a] Role/Permission bypass [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   │       └───[3.2.2.b] Resource access control bypass [HIGH-RISK]
├───[4] Exploit Plugin/Feature Specific Vulnerabilities (Ktor Plugins) [CRITICAL]
│   ├───[4.1] Vulnerabilities in Third-Party Ktor Plugins [CRITICAL]
│   │   ├───[4.1.1] Using outdated or vulnerable versions of plugins [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   │       └───[4.1.1.a] Exploit known vulnerabilities in plugin [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
├───[5] Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks (Ktor Specific)
│   ├───[5.1] Resource Exhaustion via Request Flooding (Ktor Engine Handling) [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   ├───[5.1.1] Slowloris or similar attacks targeting connection handling [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   │       └───[5.1.1.a] Exhaust server resources (connections, threads) [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   └───[5.1.2] Memory exhaustion via large requests or payloads [HIGH-RISK]
│   │   │       └───[5.1.2.a] OutOfMemoryError, application crash [HIGH-RISK]
│   ├───[5.2] Vulnerabilities in Ktor's dependencies [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
│   │   └───[5.2.2] Dependency-level DoS or other exploits [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Configuration Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL]

  • 1.1 Misconfigured Security Headers [CRITICAL]

    • 1.1.1 Missing or Weak Content Security Policy (CSP) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vectors:
        • 1.1.1.a Inject malicious scripts (XSS) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • 1.1.1.b Data exfiltration via script injection [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Implement strong CSP: Define a strict CSP policy to control allowed resources and prevent XSS. Use Ktor's install(ContentSecurityPolicy) feature.

    • 1.2 Exposed Sensitive Endpoints/Routes [CRITICAL]

      • 1.2.1 Debug/Admin endpoints accessible without authentication [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • 1.2.1.a Gain administrative access [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
          • 1.2.1.b Data manipulation/deletion [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • Likelihood: Low
        • Impact: High
        • Effort: Low
        • Skill Level: Low
        • Detection Difficulty: Easy
        • Actionable Insights:
          • Mitigation:
            • Strict Route Definition: Carefully define routes and ensure sensitive endpoints are protected by authentication and authorization.
            • Route Isolation: Use separate modules or configurations for development/debug routes and production routes.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Input Validation and Data Handling Vulnerabilities (Ktor Features) [CRITICAL]

  • 2.1 Deserialization Vulnerabilities (Ktor Content Negotiation) [CRITICAL]

    • 2.1.1 Insecure Deserialization via vulnerable serializers (e.g., Jackson, kotlinx.serialization if misconfigured) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vectors:
        • 2.1.1.a Remote Code Execution (RCE) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • 2.1.1.b Denial of Service (DoS) [HIGH-RISK]
      • Likelihood: Low (RCE), Medium (DoS)
      • Impact: High (RCE), Medium (DoS)
      • Effort: Medium (RCE), Low (DoS)
      • Skill Level: High (RCE), Intermediate (DoS)
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard (RCE), Medium (DoS)
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Secure Serializer Configuration: Use secure configurations for serializers. For example, in Jackson, disable default typing unless absolutely necessary and carefully control polymorphic deserialization.

    • 2.1.2 Lack of Input Validation after Deserialization [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vectors:
        • 2.1.2.a Business logic bypass [HIGH-RISK]
        • 2.1.2.b Data corruption [HIGH-RISK]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Input Validation: Always validate deserialized data before using it in application logic. Use Ktor's validation features or implement custom validation logic.

    • 2.3 File Upload Vulnerabilities (Ktor File Handling) [CRITICAL]

      • 2.3.1 Unrestricted File Upload Type/Size [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • 2.3.1.a Upload malicious executable files [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
          • 2.3.1.b Denial of Service (disk exhaustion) [HIGH-RISK]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High (Executable Upload), Medium (DoS)
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium (Executable Upload), Easy (DoS)
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • File Type and Size Restrictions: Implement strict file type whitelisting and size limits for uploads.

    • 2.3.2 Path Traversal via Filename Manipulation [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vector:
        • 2.3.2.a Read/Write arbitrary files on the server [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Path Sanitization: Sanitize filenames to prevent path traversal attacks. Use secure file path handling practices.

    • 2.3.3 Lack of Sanitization of Uploaded File Content

      • Attack Vector:
        • 2.3.3.b Code injection if processing file content as code [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Content Sanitization and Scanning: Sanitize uploaded file content and consider using anti-virus or malware scanning for uploaded files, especially if they are processed by the application.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Authentication and Authorization Weaknesses (Ktor Authentication/Authorization Features) [CRITICAL]

  • 3.1 Broken Authentication Mechanisms (Ktor Authentication) [CRITICAL]

    • 3.1.1 Weak or Default Credentials in Example Code/Documentation copied directly [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vector:
        • 3.1.1.a Unauthorized Access [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Easy
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Strong Credentials: Enforce strong password policies and never use default credentials in production.

    • 3.1.2 Insecure Session Management (Ktor Sessions) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vector:
        • 3.1.2.b Session hijacking [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Secure Session Management: Implement secure session management practices, including secure session ID generation, protection against session fixation and hijacking, and proper session timeout. Utilize Ktor's session features securely.

    • 3.1.3 Vulnerabilities in Custom Authentication Implementations using Ktor features [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vector:
        • 3.1.3.b Cryptographic weaknesses in custom token generation/validation [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Low
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: High
      • Detection Difficulty: Hard
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Secure Authentication Logic: Carefully design and implement authentication logic, avoiding common pitfalls and cryptographic weaknesses. Use established authentication protocols and libraries where possible.

    • 3.2 Inadequate Authorization (Ktor Authorization) [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • 3.2.1 Missing Authorization Checks on Sensitive Routes [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • 3.2.1.a Privilege Escalation [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
          • 3.2.1.b Unauthorized Data Access/Modification [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • Likelihood: Medium
        • Impact: High
        • Effort: Low
        • Skill Level: Low
        • Detection Difficulty: Medium
        • Actionable Insights:
          • Mitigation:
            • Implement Authorization Checks: Enforce authorization checks on all sensitive routes and actions. Use Ktor's authorization features to define and enforce policies.

    • 3.2.2 Flawed Authorization Logic [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • Attack Vectors:
        • 3.2.2.a Role/Permission bypass [HIGH-RISK]
        • 3.2.2.b Resource access control bypass [HIGH-RISK]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium
      • Effort: Medium
      • Skill Level: Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Robust Authorization Logic: Design and implement authorization logic carefully, considering different roles, permissions, and resource access control requirements. Test authorization logic thoroughly.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Exploit Plugin/Feature Specific Vulnerabilities (Ktor Plugins) [CRITICAL]

  • 4.1 Vulnerabilities in Third-Party Ktor Plugins [CRITICAL]
    • 4.1.1 Using outdated or vulnerable versions of plugins [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Attack Vector:
        • 4.1.1.a Exploit known vulnerabilities in plugin [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low to Medium
      • Skill Level: Low to Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Plugin Vetting: Carefully vet third-party plugins before use, considering their security reputation, maintenance status, and code quality.
          • Plugin Updates: Keep plugins updated to the latest versions to patch known vulnerabilities.

Attack Tree Path: 5. Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks (Ktor Specific)

  • 5.1 Resource Exhaustion via Request Flooding (Ktor Engine Handling) [HIGH-RISK]

    • 5.1.1 Slowloris or similar attacks targeting connection handling [HIGH-RISK]

      • Attack Vector:
        • 5.1.1.a Exhaust server resources (connections, threads) [HIGH-RISK]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Rate Limiting: Implement rate limiting to restrict the number of requests from a single source. Ktor can be integrated with rate limiting solutions.

    • 5.1.2 Memory exhaustion via large requests or payloads [HIGH-RISK]

      • Attack Vector:
        • 5.1.2.a OutOfMemoryError, application crash [HIGH-RISK]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: High
      • Effort: Low
      • Skill Level: Low
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Request Size Limits: Limit the maximum allowed request size to prevent memory exhaustion.

    • 5.2 Vulnerabilities in Ktor's dependencies [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]

      • 5.2.2 Dependency-level DoS or other exploits [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
        • Attack Vector:
          • 5.2.2.a Dependency-level DoS or other exploits [HIGH-RISK, CRITICAL]
      • Likelihood: Medium
      • Impact: Medium to High
      • Effort: Low to Medium
      • Skill Level: Low to Intermediate
      • Detection Difficulty: Medium
      • Actionable Insights:
        • Mitigation:
          • Engine and Dependency Updates: Keep Ktor, the server engine, and all dependencies updated to the latest versions to patch known vulnerabilities.
          • Vulnerability Scanning: Regularly scan Ktor applications and their dependencies for known vulnerabilities.