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Attack Tree Analysis for bcosca/fatfree

Objective: Compromise Application Using Fat-Free Framework (Gain unauthorized access, data breach, service disruption, etc.)

Attack Tree Visualization

Root Goal: Compromise Application Using Fat-Free Framework
    ├── 1. Exploit Vulnerabilities in Fat-Free Framework Core [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   ├── 1.1. Template Engine Vulnerabilities (Latte) [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   ├── 1.1.1. Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   │   ├── 1.1.1.1. Inject malicious code into template variables [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    ├── 1.3. Database Abstraction Layer Vulnerabilities (Less direct, but potential for misuse) [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   ├── 1.3.1. Encouraging Insecure Database Practices (Indirect) [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   ├── 1.3.1.1. Lack of clear guidance on parameterized queries leading to SQL Injection [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    ├── 2. Exploit Misconfigurations of Fat-Free Framework [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   ├── 2.1. Debug Mode Enabled in Production [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   ├── 2.1.1. Information Disclosure via Debug Output [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   │   ├── 2.1.1.1. Expose sensitive configuration details, file paths, database credentials, etc. in error messages [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   ├── 2.2. Insecure File Permissions [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   ├── 2.2.1. Access to Configuration Files [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   │   ├── 2.2.1.1. Read configuration files (e.g., `.ini` files) containing database credentials, API keys [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    ├── 3. Exploit Dependencies [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   ├── 3.1. Vulnerabilities in PHP Version [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   ├── 3.1.1. Exploit known vulnerabilities in the PHP interpreter [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   │   ├── 3.1.1.1. Use publicly known exploits for the running PHP version [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    ├── 4. Exploit Insecure Coding Practices Enabled/Not Prevented by Fat-Free Framework [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   ├── 4.1. Lack of Built-in Input Validation/Sanitization Guidance [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   ├── 4.1.1. Developers failing to sanitize user input leading to XSS, SQL Injection, etc. [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   │   ├── 4.1.1.1. Inject malicious scripts or SQL queries through unsanitized input fields [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   ├── 4.3. Insecure Session Management [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   ├── 4.3.1. Session Hijacking/Fixation [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
    │   │   │   ├── 4.3.1.1. Steal or fixate session IDs to impersonate users [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Vulnerabilities in Fat-Free Framework Core - Template Engine Vulnerabilities (Latte) - Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) - Inject malicious code into template variables

Attack Vector Name: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) via malicious code injection into template variables.

  • Impact: Critical - Remote Code Execution (RCE), Data Exfiltration, Defacement.
  • Likelihood: Medium - Depends on developer practices, but a common mistake when handling user input in templates.
  • Effort: Low - If the vulnerability exists, it is readily exploitable with standard web request manipulation.
  • Skill Level: Medium - Requires understanding of template engines, web requests, and basic exploitation techniques.
  • Detection Difficulty: Hard - Can be subtle and may require code review and dynamic analysis to identify.
  • Mitigation:
    • Strict input validation and sanitization for all data used in templates.
    • Never directly embed unsanitized user input into templates.
    • Use parameterized queries for database retrieval to prevent SQL Injection when data is used in templates.
    • Implement Content Security Policy (CSP) to limit the impact of successful XSS/SSTI.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Vulnerabilities in Fat-Free Framework Core - Database Abstraction Layer Vulnerabilities (Less direct, but potential for misuse) - Encouraging Insecure Database Practices (Indirect) - Lack of clear guidance on parameterized queries leading to SQL Injection

Attack Vector Name: SQL Injection due to lack of parameterized queries, potentially encouraged by insufficient guidance in framework documentation.

  • Impact: Critical - SQL Injection, Data Breach, potentially Remote Code Execution (RCE) depending on database privileges and application logic.
  • Likelihood: Medium-High - A common developer mistake, especially among less experienced developers or when documentation doesn't strongly emphasize secure practices.
  • Effort: Low - SQL Injection is a well-known and often easily exploitable vulnerability. Tools and techniques are readily available.
  • Skill Level: Low-Medium - Requires basic understanding of SQL and web requests.
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Can be detected with vulnerability scanners, penetration testing, and code review, but requires vigilance and consistent application of secure coding practices.
  • Mitigation:
    • Promote and document secure database practices prominently in Fat-Free Framework documentation.
    • Provide clear examples and best practices for using parameterized queries for all database interactions.
    • Educate developers on the risks of SQL Injection and how to prevent it.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Misconfigurations of Fat-Free Framework - Debug Mode Enabled in Production - Information Disclosure via Debug Output - Expose sensitive configuration details, file paths, database credentials, etc. in error messages

Attack Vector Name: Information Disclosure via Debug Output when Debug Mode is enabled in production.

  • Impact: Medium-High - Information leakage of sensitive configuration details, file paths, database credentials, and internal application workings. This information can significantly aid attackers in exploiting other vulnerabilities.
  • Likelihood: Medium - A common misconfiguration, especially in quick deployments or when developers forget to disable debug mode before going live.
  • Effort: Low - Simply observing error messages in web responses.
  • Skill Level: Low - Basic web browsing skills are sufficient.
  • Detection Difficulty: Easy - Debug output is often directly visible in web responses and easily detected by automated scanners.
  • Mitigation:
    • Always disable debug mode in production environments.
    • Implement proper error handling and logging.
    • Sanitize error messages to prevent the exposure of sensitive details to users, even in development environments.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Exploit Misconfigurations of Fat-Free Framework - Insecure File Permissions - Access to Configuration Files - Read configuration files (.ini files) containing database credentials, API keys

Attack Vector Name: Exposure of sensitive configuration files due to insecure file permissions.

  • Impact: High - Data breach and unauthorized access due to exposure of database credentials, API keys, and other sensitive information stored in configuration files.
  • Likelihood: Medium - A common server misconfiguration, especially if default server setups are not hardened.
  • Effort: Low - Simple file access if permissions are incorrectly set.
  • Skill Level: Low - Basic file system knowledge is sufficient.
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Requires internal file system checks and is less visible externally. Security audits and configuration reviews are needed.
  • Mitigation:
    • Set secure file permissions to restrict access to configuration files to only necessary processes and users.
    • Store sensitive configuration data outside the web root if possible.
    • Prefer using environment variables for storing sensitive configuration data instead of files.

Attack Tree Path: 5. Exploit Dependencies - Vulnerabilities in PHP Version - Exploit known vulnerabilities in the PHP interpreter - Use publicly known exploits for the running PHP version

Attack Vector Name: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities in the running PHP interpreter version.

  • Impact: Critical - Remote Code Execution (RCE), Denial of Service (DoS), and various other security breaches depending on the specific PHP vulnerability.
  • Likelihood: Medium - PHP vulnerabilities are discovered periodically. Likelihood depends on how frequently the PHP version is updated and patched.
  • Effort: Low-Medium - Public exploits are often available for known PHP vulnerabilities, reducing the effort required for exploitation.
  • Skill Level: Medium - Requires understanding of exploit usage and basic system administration skills.
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems can detect exploitation attempts. Regular vulnerability scanning is also helpful.
  • Mitigation:
    • Keep the PHP version updated and apply security patches promptly.
    • Implement a robust patch management process.
    • Monitor security advisories for PHP and subscribe to security mailing lists.

Attack Tree Path: 6. Exploit Insecure Coding Practices Enabled/Not Prevented by Fat-Free Framework - Lack of Built-in Input Validation/Sanitization Guidance - Developers failing to sanitize user input leading to XSS, SQL Injection, etc. - Inject malicious scripts or SQL queries through unsanitized input fields

Attack Vector Name: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and SQL Injection due to developers failing to sanitize user input.

  • Impact: High-Critical - XSS, SQL Injection, Data Breach, Account Takeover, depending on the vulnerability type and application functionality.
  • Likelihood: High - Very common vulnerabilities in web applications, especially when developers are not adequately trained in secure coding practices.
  • Effort: Low - Easily testable and often readily exploitable with basic web request manipulation.
  • Skill Level: Low - Basic understanding of web requests and common web vulnerabilities is sufficient.
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Vulnerability scanners, penetration testing, and code review can detect these vulnerabilities. However, they require proactive security efforts.
  • Mitigation:
    • Provide comprehensive developer training on secure coding practices, emphasizing input validation and sanitization.
    • Implement input validation and sanitization at the application level for all user-controlled input.
    • Use output encoding to prevent XSS vulnerabilities.
    • Conduct regular code reviews and security testing to identify and remediate input handling vulnerabilities.

Attack Tree Path: 7. Exploit Insecure Coding Practices Enabled/Not Prevented by Fat-Free Framework - Insecure Session Management - Session Hijacking/Fixation - Steal or fixate session IDs to impersonate users

Attack Vector Name: Session Hijacking or Session Fixation due to insecure session management practices.

  • Impact: High - Account takeover and unauthorized access to user accounts and application functionality.
  • Likelihood: Medium - Depends on session configuration and network security. Common if default session settings are used insecurely or if network traffic is not properly secured.
  • Effort: Low-Medium - Session hijacking tools and techniques are readily available. Session fixation attacks can also be relatively straightforward to execute.
  • Skill Level: Low-Medium - Requires basic understanding of session management, cookies, and network traffic.
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium-Hard - Requires session monitoring, anomaly detection, and secure logging to detect session hijacking attempts. Session fixation can be harder to detect without specific testing.
  • Mitigation:
    • Configure sessions securely:
      • Use HTTP-only and Secure flags for session cookies to prevent client-side JavaScript access and transmission over insecure HTTP.
      • Regenerate session IDs after successful login to prevent session fixation.
      • Implement proper session timeouts to limit the window of opportunity for session hijacking.
      • Consider using secure session storage mechanisms (e.g., database-backed sessions) and secure session cookie paths.
    • Educate developers on secure session management practices.