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Attack Tree Analysis for coollabsio/coolify

Objective: Compromise Application Deployed via Coolify

Attack Tree Visualization

0. Compromise Application Deployed via Coolify [CRITICAL NODE]
    1. Exploit Coolify Web UI/API Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]
        1.1. Authentication Bypass [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]
            1.1.1. Exploit Weak Password Policy/Defaults [HIGH RISK PATH]
        1.2. Authorization Flaws [HIGH RISK PATH]
            1.2.1. Privilege Escalation (Gain admin access from lower-level user) [HIGH RISK PATH]
        1.3. Injection Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]
            1.3.1. Command Injection in Deployment Scripts/Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
        1.4. Insecure API Endpoints [HIGH RISK PATH]
            1.4.1. Unauthenticated API Access to sensitive data or actions [HIGH RISK PATH]
    2. Exploit Coolify Deployment Process Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]
        2.1. Insecure Secret Management [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]
            2.1.1. Plaintext Storage of Secrets (API keys, database credentials, etc.) in Coolify database or configuration files [HIGH RISK PATH]
            2.1.3. Secrets exposed in logs or error messages [HIGH RISK PATH]
        2.3. Vulnerable Deployment Scripts/Templates [HIGH RISK PATH]
            2.3.1. Default deployment scripts with known vulnerabilities or insecure configurations [HIGH RISK PATH]
            2.3.2. Lack of input validation in deployment scripts allowing for injection [HIGH RISK PATH]
            2.3.3. Outdated or vulnerable dependencies in deployment scripts [HIGH RISK PATH]
    3. Exploit Coolify Configuration Management Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]
        3.1. Insecure Default Configurations [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]
            3.1.1. Default admin credentials or easily guessable passwords [HIGH RISK PATH]
        3.2. Configuration Injection [HIGH RISK PATH]
            3.2.1. Ability to inject malicious configurations via UI/API that affect deployed applications (e.g., environment variables, Dockerfile instructions) [HIGH RISK PATH]
    4. Exploit Coolify Dockerization Practices [HIGH RISK PATH]
        4.1. Vulnerable Base Images used by Coolify [HIGH RISK PATH]
            4.1.1. Coolify using outdated or vulnerable base Docker images for deployments [HIGH RISK PATH]
            4.1.2. Lack of regular updates and patching of base images by Coolify [HIGH RISK PATH]
        4.2. Insecure Dockerfile Practices in Coolify Templates [HIGH RISK PATH]
            4.2.1. Dockerfiles generated by Coolify with insecure practices (e.g., running containers as root unnecessarily) [HIGH RISK PATH]
            4.2.2. Dockerfiles exposing sensitive information or unnecessary ports [HIGH RISK PATH]
    5. Social Engineering/Phishing targeting Coolify Users [CRITICAL NODE]
        5.1. Phishing for Coolify Admin Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]
            5.1.1. Tricking administrators into revealing their Coolify login credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]

Attack Tree Path: 0. Compromise Application Deployed via Coolify [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: This is the ultimate goal of the attacker. Success means gaining unauthorized control over the application and potentially the underlying infrastructure.
  • Why Critical: Represents the complete failure of security measures.

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Coolify Web UI/API Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Targeting vulnerabilities in Coolify's web interface or API to gain unauthorized access or control.

  • Why Critical: The Web UI/API is the primary management interface, making it a prime target for attackers. Successful exploitation can grant broad control over Coolify and deployed applications.

    1.1. Authentication Bypass [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Circumventing Coolify's authentication mechanisms to gain access without valid credentials.

    • Why High-Risk: Direct and often easy path to unauthorized access.

      • 1.1.1. Exploit Weak Password Policy/Defaults [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • Default Credentials: Attempting to log in using default usernames and passwords that might be set during initial Coolify installation or for default admin accounts.
          • Weak Passwords: Brute-forcing or dictionary attacks against accounts if Coolify allows weak passwords or doesn't enforce strong password policies.
          • Credential Stuffing: Using compromised credentials from other breaches that users might have reused for their Coolify accounts.

    1.2. Authorization Flaws [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Exploiting weaknesses in Coolify's authorization logic to access resources or perform actions beyond the attacker's intended permissions.

    • Why High-Risk: Can lead to privilege escalation and access to sensitive data or functionalities.

      • 1.2.1. Privilege Escalation (Gain admin access from lower-level user) [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) Bypass: Manipulating requests or exploiting flaws in RBAC implementation to elevate privileges from a standard user to an administrator.
          • Parameter Tampering: Modifying user roles or permissions in API requests or UI forms if authorization checks are insufficient.
          • Logic Flaws: Exploiting logical errors in the application's code that allow bypassing authorization checks under specific conditions.

    1.3. Injection Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Injecting malicious code or commands into Coolify through various input points, leading to unintended execution or data manipulation.

    • Why Critical: Injection vulnerabilities can have severe consequences, including remote code execution and data breaches.

      • 1.3.1. Command Injection in Deployment Scripts/Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • Unsanitized Input in Scripts: Injecting malicious commands into user-provided inputs that are used in deployment scripts or configuration files without proper sanitization. For example, if Coolify uses user-provided application names or environment variables in shell commands.
          • Template Injection: Injecting code into template engines used to generate deployment scripts or configurations if user input is not properly escaped.

    1.4. Insecure API Endpoints [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Exploiting API endpoints that are not properly secured, allowing unauthorized access or actions.

    • Why High-Risk: APIs often expose sensitive functionalities and data, making insecure endpoints a direct path to compromise.

      • 1.4.1. Unauthenticated API Access to sensitive data or actions [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • Missing Authentication: Accessing API endpoints that should require authentication but are mistakenly left unprotected. This could expose sensitive data, allow modification of configurations, or trigger deployment actions without authorization.
          • Weak Authentication: Exploiting weak or easily bypassed authentication mechanisms on API endpoints, such as predictable API keys or flawed authentication logic.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Coolify Deployment Process Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Targeting weaknesses in Coolify's deployment pipeline to inject malicious code or compromise deployed applications during the deployment process.

  • Why Critical: Deployment processes are crucial for application lifecycle, and vulnerabilities here can affect all deployments managed by Coolify.

    2.1. Insecure Secret Management [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Improper handling and storage of sensitive secrets (API keys, database credentials, etc.) within Coolify.

    • Why Critical: Secrets are essential for application security; their compromise can lead to widespread access and control.

      • 2.1.1. Plaintext Storage of Secrets (API keys, database credentials, etc.) in Coolify database or configuration files [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Direct Database Access: Gaining access to the Coolify database (e.g., through SQL injection or database misconfiguration) and retrieving secrets stored in plaintext.
          • Configuration File Access: Accessing Coolify's configuration files (e.g., through file inclusion vulnerabilities or server misconfiguration) and reading secrets stored in plaintext within these files.
          • Memory Dump/Process Inspection: In some cases, plaintext secrets might be temporarily present in memory or process arguments, which could be extracted by an attacker with sufficient access.

      • 2.1.3. Secrets exposed in logs or error messages [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Log File Analysis: Accessing Coolify's log files (e.g., through log file inclusion vulnerabilities or server misconfiguration) and finding secrets inadvertently logged in plaintext within these files.
          • Error Message Harvesting: Triggering errors in Coolify that result in error messages containing secrets being displayed in the UI or API responses.

    2.3. Vulnerable Deployment Scripts/Templates [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Exploiting vulnerabilities present in the default deployment scripts or templates provided by Coolify.

    • Why High-Risk: Default scripts and templates are widely used, so vulnerabilities here can affect many deployments.

      • 2.3.1. Default deployment scripts with known vulnerabilities or insecure configurations [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Exploiting Known Vulnerabilities: Utilizing publicly known vulnerabilities in default deployment scripts if Coolify uses outdated or insecure scripts.
          • Insecure Default Configurations: Exploiting insecure default configurations within the scripts, such as overly permissive file permissions, insecure network settings, or vulnerable dependencies.

      • 2.3.2. Lack of input validation in deployment scripts allowing for injection [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Script Injection: Injecting malicious code into user-provided inputs that are used within deployment scripts without proper validation, leading to command injection or other script-based attacks during deployment.

      • 2.3.3. Outdated or vulnerable dependencies in deployment scripts [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Dependency Exploitation: Exploiting known vulnerabilities in outdated dependencies used by deployment scripts. This could involve vulnerabilities in Node.js modules, Python libraries, or other scripting language dependencies used in the deployment process.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Coolify Configuration Management Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Targeting weaknesses in how Coolify manages its own configuration or the configuration of deployed applications.

  • Why Critical: Configuration dictates system behavior; vulnerabilities here can lead to widespread control and compromise.

    3.1. Insecure Default Configurations [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Exploiting insecure default settings in Coolify's own configuration.

    • Why Critical: Default configurations are the starting point for most deployments, and insecure defaults can create immediate vulnerabilities.

      • 3.1.1. Default admin credentials or easily guessable passwords [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • Default Credential Login: Attempting to log in using default administrator usernames and passwords that are set during Coolify installation if users fail to change them.
          • Brute-forcing Weak Defaults: If default passwords are not truly default but are still weak or easily guessable, attackers might attempt to brute-force them.

    3.2. Configuration Injection [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Injecting malicious configurations into Coolify that affect either Coolify itself or the deployed applications.

    • Why High-Risk: Configuration injection can directly manipulate system behavior and lead to compromise.

      • 3.2.1. Ability to inject malicious configurations via UI/API that affect deployed applications (e.g., environment variables, Dockerfile instructions) [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • Environment Variable Injection: Injecting malicious code or commands into environment variables that are passed to deployed applications if Coolify doesn't properly sanitize these inputs.
          • Dockerfile Instruction Injection: Injecting malicious instructions into Dockerfile configurations if Coolify allows users to customize Dockerfiles and doesn't properly validate or sanitize these customizations.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Exploit Coolify Dockerization Practices [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Targeting vulnerabilities arising from Coolify's use of Docker for containerization and deployment.

  • Why High-Risk: Docker is central to Coolify's functionality, and vulnerabilities in Docker practices can affect all deployed containers.

    4.1. Vulnerable Base Images used by Coolify [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Coolify using outdated or vulnerable base Docker images for building and deploying containers.

    • Why High-Risk: Base images form the foundation of containers; vulnerabilities in them are inherited by all containers built upon them.

      • 4.1.1. Coolify using outdated or vulnerable base Docker images for deployments [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Exploiting Known Base Image Vulnerabilities: Deploying applications using base images with publicly known vulnerabilities. Attackers can then target these vulnerabilities within the deployed containers.

      • 4.1.2. Lack of regular updates and patching of base images by Coolify [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Persistent Vulnerabilities: If Coolify doesn't regularly update base images, deployed applications will remain vulnerable to known vulnerabilities in those base images over time.

    4.2. Insecure Dockerfile Practices in Coolify Templates [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Insecure practices in the Dockerfile templates generated or used by Coolify.

    • Why High-Risk: Insecure Dockerfile practices can create containers with larger attack surfaces and inherent vulnerabilities.

      • 4.2.1. Dockerfiles generated by Coolify with insecure practices (e.g., running containers as root unnecessarily) [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Root Container Exploitation: Running containers as root unnecessarily increases the risk of container escape vulnerabilities. If a vulnerability is exploited within a root container, it's easier for an attacker to escalate privileges and potentially compromise the host system.

      • 4.2.2. Dockerfiles exposing sensitive information or unnecessary ports [HIGH RISK PATH]

        • Attack Vectors:
          • Information Disclosure: Dockerfiles inadvertently including sensitive information (e.g., secrets, API keys) in image layers, which can be extracted by attackers.
          • Increased Attack Surface: Dockerfiles exposing unnecessary ports, increasing the attack surface of the container and potentially exposing vulnerable services.

Attack Tree Path: 5. Social Engineering/Phishing targeting Coolify Users [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: Targeting Coolify users through social engineering or phishing to gain access to their accounts or Coolify infrastructure.

  • Why Critical: Human factor is often the weakest link, and social engineering can bypass technical security controls.

    5.1. Phishing for Coolify Admin Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]

    • Description: Using phishing techniques to trick Coolify administrators into revealing their login credentials.

    • Why High-Risk: Successful phishing can grant attackers immediate admin access.

      • 5.1.1. Tricking administrators into revealing their Coolify login credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • Attack Vectors:
          • Phishing Emails: Sending deceptive emails that mimic legitimate Coolify communications, prompting administrators to click on malicious links or enter their credentials on fake login pages.
          • Spear Phishing: Targeted phishing attacks aimed at specific Coolify administrators, often using personalized information to increase credibility and success rates.
          • Watering Hole Attacks: Compromising websites that Coolify administrators frequently visit and injecting malicious code to capture credentials or install malware on their systems.