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Attack Tree Analysis for doctrine/dbal

Objective: To gain unauthorized access to, modify, or exfiltrate data stored in the database managed by Doctrine DBAL by exploiting SQL Injection vulnerabilities.

Attack Tree Visualization

[Compromise Application via Doctrine DBAL] | [Manipulate Data/Queries] [HR] | [SQL Injection] [HR] |

| | | [1] Unparameterized Queries [HR] [2] Improperly Used Query Builder [HR] [14] Second-Order SQL Injection [HR] [16] Blind SQL Injection [HR]

Attack Tree Path: Critical Node: [SQL Injection]

  • Description: The core vulnerability enabling attackers to inject malicious SQL code into database queries. This is the central point of failure for the high-risk paths.
  • Why it's Critical: It's the most direct and effective way to compromise the database if not properly mitigated. It allows for data exfiltration, modification, deletion, and potentially even gaining control of the database server.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path: [Manipulate Data/Queries] -> [SQL Injection] -> [1] Unparameterized Queries [HR]

  • Description: The application directly concatenates user-supplied input into SQL queries without using prepared statements or the Query Builder's parameter binding.
  • Likelihood: High (if unparameterized queries are present)
  • Impact: Very High (full database compromise)
  • Effort: Low (automated tools readily available)
  • Skill Level: Beginner (basic SQL injection techniques)
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium (detectable by WAFs, IDS, code analysis)
  • Mitigation:
    • Mandatory: Use prepared statements ($conn->prepare(), $stmt->bindValue()) or the Query Builder ($conn->createQueryBuilder()) with parameter binding for all database interactions involving user input.
    • Secondary: Input validation and sanitization (but never as the sole defense).
    • Additional: Code reviews, static analysis, WAF.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path: [Manipulate Data/Queries] -> [SQL Injection] -> [2] Improperly Used Query Builder [HR]

  • Description: Even when using the Query Builder, incorrect usage (e.g., expr()->literal() with untrusted input, dynamic table/column names without whitelisting) can lead to SQL injection.
  • Likelihood: Medium (requires specific misuse)
  • Impact: Very High (full database compromise)
  • Effort: Medium (requires understanding of Query Builder weaknesses)
  • Skill Level: Intermediate (more knowledge than basic SQL injection)
  • Detection Difficulty: Hard (requires deeper code analysis)
  • Mitigation:
    • Avoid expr()->literal() with user input.
    • Strictly whitelist dynamic table/column names.
    • Thorough Query Builder documentation review.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path: [Manipulate Data/Queries] -> [SQL Injection] -> [14] Second-Order SQL Injection [HR]

  • Description: Data previously stored in the database (potentially sanitized) is later retrieved and used in another query without proper parameterization.
  • Likelihood: Low to Medium (requires specific data flow and lack of consistent parameterization)
  • Impact: Very High (full database compromise)
  • Effort: Medium (requires understanding data flow)
  • Skill Level: Intermediate to Advanced (understanding of SQL injection and application logic)
  • Detection Difficulty: Hard (requires careful data flow analysis)
  • Mitigation:
    • Treat all data retrieved from the database as potentially untrusted.
    • Always use prepared statements or the Query Builder when constructing new queries based on retrieved data.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path: [Manipulate Data/Queries] -> [SQL Injection] -> [16] Blind SQL Injection [HR]

  • Description: SQL injection where the attacker doesn't receive direct feedback (e.g., error messages). They infer information by observing application behavior (response changes, timing).
  • Likelihood: Medium (requires lack of direct feedback)
  • Impact: Very High (full database compromise, though slower)
  • Effort: High (more time and effort than standard SQL injection)
  • Skill Level: Advanced (good understanding of SQL injection and application behavior)
  • Detection Difficulty: Very Hard (requires sophisticated monitoring)
  • Mitigation:
    • Same as for standard SQL injection (prepared statements, Query Builder, input validation).
    • Robust error handling that reveals no database-related information.