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sec-design.md

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Okay, let's create a design document for the Magento 2 project, focusing on aspects relevant to threat modeling.

BUSINESS POSTURE

Magento 2 is an open-source e-commerce platform. The primary business goal is to provide a flexible, scalable, and secure platform for businesses to build and manage online stores. Success is measured by adoption (number of stores running on Magento), the size and activity of the extension marketplace, and the overall satisfaction of merchants and developers. Given its open-source nature and widespread use in e-commerce, several key business risks must be addressed:

  • Reputational Damage: Security breaches leading to data theft (customer data, payment information) can severely damage Magento's reputation and erode trust among users and the broader e-commerce community.
  • Financial Loss for Merchants: Vulnerabilities that allow attackers to manipulate orders, pricing, or inventory can directly impact the revenue and profitability of businesses using the platform.
  • Legal and Compliance Risks: Failure to comply with data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA) and payment card industry standards (PCI DSS) can result in significant fines and legal liabilities.
  • Platform Abandonment: If security concerns are not consistently addressed, merchants may migrate to competing platforms, leading to a decline in Magento's market share.
  • Compromised Extension Ecosystem: The large third-party extension marketplace is a strength, but also a risk. Vulnerable extensions can be exploited to compromise entire stores.
  • Supply Chain Attacks: Compromise of the Magento core codebase or official distribution channels could lead to widespread infection of Magento instances.

SECURITY POSTURE

Magento 2 incorporates several security controls and acknowledges certain accepted risks. The following assessment is based on a review of the provided GitHub repository and general knowledge of the platform.

  • security control: Input Validation: Magento 2 employs input validation techniques to mitigate risks like Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and SQL Injection. This is evident in the extensive use of form keys, escaping output, and parameterized queries in the codebase. Implemented in multiple layers, including frontend JavaScript validation, backend PHP validation, and database interactions.
  • security control: Output Encoding: Magento 2 uses output encoding to prevent XSS vulnerabilities. Output is escaped appropriately based on the context (e.g., HTML, JavaScript, URL). Implemented in templating engine and helper functions.
  • security control: Authentication and Authorization: Magento 2 implements a robust authentication system for both administrators and customers. It uses password hashing (with salts) and supports features like two-factor authentication (2FA) through extensions. Authorization is role-based, allowing granular control over access to different parts of the system. Implemented in core authentication modules and access control lists (ACLs).
  • security control: Session Management: Magento 2 uses secure session management practices, including the use of HTTPOnly and Secure cookies (when configured correctly). Session IDs are generated randomly and have a configurable timeout. Implemented in core session management modules.
  • security control: Cryptography: Magento 2 uses cryptographic functions for secure storage of sensitive data (e.g., passwords, encryption keys). It supports various encryption algorithms and key management practices. Implemented in core cryptography modules.
  • security control: File Upload Handling: Magento 2 implements restrictions on file uploads to prevent the execution of malicious code. It validates file types, sizes, and uses secure storage locations. Implemented in file upload modules.
  • security control: Regular Security Updates: Magento releases regular security patches and updates to address newly discovered vulnerabilities. This is a crucial part of their security strategy. Described in release notes and security advisories.
  • security control: Dependency Management: Magento uses Composer for dependency management, allowing for tracking and updating of third-party libraries. This helps mitigate supply chain risks. Described in composer.json and composer.lock files.
  • security control: Security Headers: Magento 2 allows and recommends the configuration of security headers (e.g., X-Frame-Options, X-XSS-Protection, Content-Security-Policy) to enhance browser security. Implemented through server configuration (e.g., Apache, Nginx) and can be partially managed within Magento.
  • accepted risk: Third-Party Extensions: The reliance on a large ecosystem of third-party extensions introduces inherent risks. While Magento provides guidelines for secure extension development, the quality and security of these extensions can vary significantly.
  • accepted risk: Configuration Errors: Magento 2 is a complex platform, and misconfigurations (e.g., weak passwords, exposed admin panels, incorrect file permissions) can create significant security vulnerabilities.
  • accepted risk: Timely Patching: While Magento releases security patches, the responsibility for applying these patches in a timely manner rests with the individual merchants or their hosting providers. Delayed patching is a common source of compromises.
  • accepted risk: Zero-Day Vulnerabilities: Like all software, Magento 2 is susceptible to zero-day vulnerabilities that are unknown and unpatched.

Recommended Security Controls (High Priority):

  • Implement Web Application Firewall (WAF): A WAF can provide an additional layer of defense against common web attacks, including SQL injection, XSS, and cross-site request forgery (CSRF).
  • Implement Regular Penetration Testing: Conduct regular penetration tests by qualified security professionals to identify vulnerabilities that may be missed by automated scans.
  • Implement Security Information and Event Management (SIEM): A SIEM system can help detect and respond to security incidents by collecting and analyzing logs from various sources.
  • Implement File Integrity Monitoring (FIM): FIM can detect unauthorized changes to critical system files, which can be an indicator of compromise.

Security Requirements:

  • Authentication:
    • All users (administrators and customers) must be authenticated before accessing protected resources.
    • Strong password policies must be enforced.
    • Two-factor authentication (2FA) should be supported and encouraged.
    • Account lockout mechanisms should be implemented to prevent brute-force attacks.
  • Authorization:
    • Role-based access control (RBAC) must be used to restrict access to sensitive functionality and data.
    • The principle of least privilege should be applied, granting users only the necessary permissions.
  • Input Validation:
    • All user-supplied input must be validated against a strict whitelist of allowed characters and formats.
    • Input validation should be performed on both the client-side (for usability) and the server-side (for security).
  • Cryptography:
    • Strong, industry-standard cryptographic algorithms must be used for all sensitive data, including passwords, encryption keys, and payment information.
    • Encryption keys must be managed securely, following best practices for key generation, storage, and rotation.
    • Salts must be used when hashing passwords.
  • Output Encoding:
    • All output to web pages must be properly encoded to prevent cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.
    • The encoding method should be appropriate for the context (e.g., HTML, JavaScript, URL).

DESIGN

C4 CONTEXT

graph LR
    Customer("Customer") -- "Uses" --> MagentoStore("Magento Store")
    MagentoStore -- "Retrieves product data from" --> ERP("ERP System")
    MagentoStore -- "Processes payments through" --> PaymentGateway("Payment Gateway")
    MagentoStore -- "Sends emails via" --> EmailService("Email Service")
    MagentoStore -- "Manages inventory with" --> InventorySystem("Inventory System")
    AdminUser("Admin User") -- "Manages" --> MagentoStore
    Developer("Developer") -- "Deploys & Customizes" --> MagentoStore
    ExtensionMarketplace("Extension Marketplace") -- "Provides extensions to" --> MagentoStore
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  • Customer:
    • Name: Customer
    • Type: Person
    • Description: A person who browses and purchases products from the Magento store.
    • Responsibilities: Browsing products, adding items to cart, placing orders, managing account information.
    • Security controls: Authentication, authorization, session management, data encryption (for payment information).
  • Magento Store:
    • Name: Magento Store
    • Type: Software System
    • Description: The core Magento 2 e-commerce platform.
    • Responsibilities: Handling user requests, managing product catalog, processing orders, interacting with external systems.
    • Security controls: Input validation, output encoding, authentication, authorization, session management, cryptography, file upload handling, regular security updates.
  • ERP System:
    • Name: ERP System
    • Type: Software System
    • Description: An Enterprise Resource Planning system used for managing business data.
    • Responsibilities: Providing product data, managing inventory levels, handling order fulfillment.
    • Security controls: Authentication, authorization, data encryption, access controls.
  • Payment Gateway:
    • Name: Payment Gateway
    • Type: Software System
    • Description: A third-party service that processes online payments.
    • Responsibilities: Securely processing credit card transactions, handling refunds, fraud prevention.
    • Security controls: PCI DSS compliance, data encryption, fraud detection mechanisms.
  • Email Service:
    • Name: Email Service
    • Type: Software System
    • Description: A service used for sending transactional and marketing emails.
    • Responsibilities: Sending order confirmations, shipping updates, password reset emails.
    • Security controls: Authentication, encryption, spam filtering.
  • Inventory System:
    • Name: Inventory System
    • Type: Software System
    • Description: A system for managing inventory levels.
    • Responsibilities: Tracking stock levels, updating inventory after orders are placed.
    • Security controls: Authentication, authorization, access controls.
  • Admin User:
    • Name: Admin User
    • Type: Person
    • Description: A user with administrative privileges who manages the Magento store.
    • Responsibilities: Configuring the store, managing products, processing orders, managing users.
    • Security controls: Strong authentication, two-factor authentication, role-based access control.
  • Developer:
    • Name: Developer
    • Type: Person
    • Description: A software developer who customizes and extends the Magento platform.
    • Responsibilities: Developing custom modules, themes, and integrations.
    • Security controls: Secure coding practices, code reviews, vulnerability scanning.
  • Extension Marketplace:
    • Name: Extension Marketplace
    • Type: Software System
    • Description: A marketplace where third-party developers can publish and sell Magento extensions.
    • Responsibilities: Providing a platform for distributing extensions, code review (ideally).
    • Security controls: Code scanning, vulnerability reporting program.

C4 CONTAINER

graph LR
    Customer("Customer") -- "HTTPS" --> WebServer("Web Server: Nginx/Apache")
    WebServer -- "PHP-FPM" --> ApplicationServer("Application Server: PHP-FPM")
    ApplicationServer -- "MySQL Protocol" --> DatabaseServer("Database Server: MySQL")
    ApplicationServer -- "Redis Protocol" --> CacheServer("Cache Server: Redis")
    ApplicationServer -- "Varnish Protocol" --> ReverseProxy("Reverse Proxy: Varnish")
    ReverseProxy -- "HTTP" --> WebServer
    AdminUser("Admin User") -- "HTTPS" --> WebServer
    Developer("Developer") -- "SSH/HTTPS" --> WebServer
    ApplicationServer -- "REST/SOAP API" --> ExternalSystems("External Systems: ERP, Payment Gateway, etc.")
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  • Web Server:
    • Name: Web Server
    • Type: Container (Nginx/Apache)
    • Description: Serves static content and acts as a reverse proxy for dynamic requests.
    • Responsibilities: Handling HTTP requests, serving static files, SSL termination.
    • Security controls: Secure configuration, HTTPS enforcement, security headers, WAF (if implemented).
  • Application Server:
    • Name: Application Server
    • Type: Container (PHP-FPM)
    • Description: Executes PHP code and handles application logic.
    • Responsibilities: Processing dynamic requests, interacting with the database and cache, executing business logic.
    • Security controls: Input validation, output encoding, secure coding practices, regular security updates.
  • Database Server:
    • Name: Database Server
    • Type: Container (MySQL)
    • Description: Stores persistent data, such as product information, customer data, and orders.
    • Responsibilities: Data storage, retrieval, and management.
    • Security controls: Authentication, authorization, data encryption at rest (if implemented), regular backups.
  • Cache Server:
    • Name: Cache Server
    • Type: Container (Redis)
    • Description: Caches frequently accessed data to improve performance.
    • Responsibilities: Storing and retrieving cached data.
    • Security controls: Authentication (if configured), access controls.
  • Reverse Proxy:
    • Name: Reverse Proxy
    • Type: Container (Varnish)
    • Description: Caches HTTP responses to improve performance and reduce load on the application server.
    • Responsibilities: Caching HTTP responses, load balancing (if configured).
    • Security controls: Secure configuration, access controls.
  • External Systems:
    • Name: External Systems
    • Type: Container (Various)
    • Description: External systems that Magento interacts with, such as ERP, payment gateways, and email services.
    • Responsibilities: Varies depending on the specific system.
    • Security controls: Secure communication (HTTPS), authentication, authorization.

DEPLOYMENT

Magento 2 can be deployed in various ways, including:

  1. Single Server: All components (web server, application server, database, cache) are installed on a single server. This is suitable for small stores or development environments.
  2. Multiple Servers: Components are distributed across multiple servers for improved performance and scalability. This is the most common deployment model for production environments.
  3. Cloud-Based Deployment: Magento can be deployed on cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, or Azure, using services like EC2, RDS, and CloudFront.
  4. Containerized Deployment: Magento can be deployed using containerization technologies like Docker and Kubernetes.

We'll describe a Multiple Servers deployment in detail, as it's a common and recommended approach for production:

graph LR
    Internet("Internet") -- "HTTPS" --> LoadBalancer("Load Balancer")
    LoadBalancer -- "HTTPS" --> WebServer1("Web Server 1")
    LoadBalancer -- "HTTPS" --> WebServer2("Web Server 2")
    WebServer1 -- "PHP-FPM" --> AppServer1("App Server 1")
    WebServer2 -- "PHP-FPM" --> AppServer2("App Server 2")
    AppServer1 -- "MySQL Protocol" --> DatabaseServer("Database Server")
    AppServer2 -- "MySQL Protocol" --> DatabaseServer
    AppServer1 -- "Redis Protocol" --> CacheServer("Cache Server")
    AppServer2 -- "Redis Protocol" --> CacheServer
    AppServer1 -- "Varnish Protocol" --> ReverseProxy1("Reverse Proxy 1")
    AppServer2 -- "Varnish Protocol" --> ReverseProxy2("Reverse Proxy 2")
    ReverseProxy1 -- "HTTP" --> WebServer1
    ReverseProxy2 -- "HTTP" --> WebServer2
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  • Internet:
    • Name: Internet
    • Type: Node
    • Description: The public internet.
    • Responsibilities: N/A
    • Security controls: N/A
  • Load Balancer:
    • Name: Load Balancer
    • Type: Node
    • Description: Distributes incoming traffic across multiple web servers.
    • Responsibilities: Load balancing, SSL termination (optional).
    • Security controls: Secure configuration, DDoS protection.
  • Web Server 1 & 2:
    • Name: Web Server 1 & 2
    • Type: Node (e.g., Nginx/Apache instance)
    • Description: Serve static content and proxy dynamic requests to application servers.
    • Responsibilities: Handling HTTP requests, serving static files.
    • Security controls: Secure configuration, HTTPS enforcement, security headers, WAF (if implemented).
  • App Server 1 & 2:
    • Name: App Server 1 & 2
    • Type: Node (e.g., PHP-FPM instance)
    • Description: Execute PHP code and handle application logic.
    • Responsibilities: Processing dynamic requests, interacting with the database and cache.
    • Security controls: Input validation, output encoding, secure coding practices, regular security updates.
  • Database Server:
    • Name: Database Server
    • Type: Node (e.g., MySQL instance)
    • Description: Stores persistent data.
    • Responsibilities: Data storage, retrieval, and management.
    • Security controls: Authentication, authorization, data encryption at rest (if implemented), regular backups, firewall.
  • Cache Server:
    • Name: Cache Server
    • Type: Node (e.g., Redis instance)
    • Description: Caches frequently accessed data.
    • Responsibilities: Storing and retrieving cached data.
    • Security controls: Authentication (if configured), access controls, firewall.
  • Reverse Proxy 1 & 2:
    • Name: Reverse Proxy 1 & 2
    • Type: Node (Varnish)
    • Description: Caches HTTP responses to improve performance and reduce load on the application server.
    • Responsibilities: Caching HTTP responses, load balancing (if configured).
    • Security controls: Secure configuration, access controls.

BUILD

Magento 2's build process typically involves several steps, from development to deployment. While the specifics can vary depending on the development workflow and deployment environment, a common process includes:

  1. Development: Developers work on the codebase locally, using tools like Git for version control.
  2. Dependency Management: Composer is used to manage PHP dependencies. composer.json and composer.lock define the required packages and their versions.
  3. Compilation: Magento's static content (CSS, JavaScript, images) needs to be compiled and deployed. This is often done using Magento's built-in CLI tools (bin/magento setup:static-content:deploy).
  4. Code Generation: Magento uses code generation for various components, such as dependency injection and plugins. This is also handled by CLI tools (bin/magento setup:di:compile).
  5. Testing: Automated tests (unit tests, integration tests) are run to ensure code quality and prevent regressions.
  6. Packaging: The codebase and compiled assets are packaged for deployment. This might involve creating a Git tag, building a Docker image, or creating a deployment archive.
  7. Deployment: The packaged code is deployed to the target environment (staging, production).

Security Controls in the Build Process:

  • Version Control (Git): All code changes should be tracked in a version control system like Git, allowing for auditing and rollback.
  • Dependency Management (Composer): Regularly update dependencies to address known vulnerabilities. Use tools like composer audit to check for security advisories.
  • Static Code Analysis (SAST): Integrate SAST tools into the build process to identify potential security vulnerabilities in the codebase. Examples include PHPStan, Psalm, and commercial SAST solutions.
  • Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST): While typically done in a staging environment, DAST can be part of a larger CI/CD pipeline.
  • Code Reviews: Require code reviews before merging changes into the main branch. This helps catch security issues early in the development process.
  • Secure Build Environment: Ensure that the build environment itself is secure, protecting against unauthorized access and tampering.
  • Artifact Signing: Consider signing build artifacts to ensure their integrity and authenticity.
graph LR
    Developer("Developer") -- "Commits code to" --> GitRepository("Git Repository")
    GitRepository -- "Triggers" --> CI_Server("CI/CD Server: Jenkins/GitHub Actions/etc.")
    CI_Server -- "Runs Composer Install" --> Dependencies("Dependencies: Composer")
    CI_Server -- "Runs Static Content Deploy" --> StaticContent("Static Content")
    CI_Server -- "Runs Code Generation" --> GeneratedCode("Generated Code")
    CI_Server -- "Runs Tests" --> TestResults("Test Results")
    CI_Server -- "Runs SAST Scanner" --> SAST_Results("SAST Results")
    CI_Server -- "Packages Code" --> BuildArtifact("Build Artifact")
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RISK ASSESSMENT

  • Critical Business Processes:

    • Order Processing: The ability for customers to place orders and for the merchant to fulfill them is the core business process.
    • Payment Processing: Securely handling customer payments is critical.
    • Inventory Management: Accurate tracking of inventory levels is essential for avoiding overselling and stockouts.
    • Customer Account Management: Allowing customers to manage their accounts and personal information.

  • Data to Protect and Sensitivity:

    • Personally Identifiable Information (PII): Customer names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers. (High Sensitivity)
    • Payment Card Information (PCI): Credit card numbers, expiration dates, CVV codes. (Highest Sensitivity - Subject to PCI DSS)
    • Order History: Details of customer purchases. (Medium Sensitivity)
    • Account Credentials: Usernames and passwords. (High Sensitivity)
    • Product Data: Product descriptions, pricing, images. (Low to Medium Sensitivity)
    • Inventory Data: Stock levels. (Medium Sensitivity)
    • Session Data: Information about active user sessions. (Medium Sensitivity)

QUESTIONS & ASSUMPTIONS

  • Questions:

    • What specific third-party extensions are being used? (Each extension introduces its own security risks.)
    • What is the current patching policy and process? (How quickly are security patches applied?)
    • Is there a formal incident response plan in place?
    • What type of hosting environment is being used (shared, dedicated, cloud)?
    • Are there any existing security audits or penetration test reports?
    • What is the specific deployment process (e.g., manual deployment, automated deployment with CI/CD)?
    • Is there a Web Application Firewall (WAF) in place?
    • Is data encryption at rest implemented for the database?
    • What are the specific backup and recovery procedures?

  • Assumptions:

    • BUSINESS POSTURE: The organization prioritizes security and understands the potential impact of security breaches.
    • SECURITY POSTURE: Basic security controls are in place, but there is room for improvement.
    • DESIGN: A standard Magento 2 deployment architecture is being used, with common components like a web server, application server, database, and cache. The deployment is assumed to be on multiple servers. The build process is assumed to be at least partially automated.