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Attack Tree Analysis for octobercms/october

Objective: Compromise an application using OctoberCMS by exploiting weaknesses or vulnerabilities within the OctoberCMS framework, its plugins, or its configuration.

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise OctoberCMS Application [CRITICAL NODE] ├───[AND] Exploit Plugin and Theme Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH] │ ├───[OR] Code Injection Vulnerabilities in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ ├───[OR] PHP Code Injection in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ │ └───[Action] Identify and exploit insecure input handling or code execution flaws within plugins or themes' PHP code. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ │ ├── Impact: High [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Remote Code Execution) │ │ ├───[OR] Twig Template Injection in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ │ └───[Action] Identify and exploit insecure use of Twig templating within plugins or themes, allowing execution of arbitrary Twig code leading to RCE. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ │ ├── Impact: High [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Remote Code Execution) │ │ └───[OR] SQL Injection in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Action] Identify and exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities in database queries performed by plugins or themes. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ ├── Impact: High [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Data Breach, RCE potential) │ ├───[OR] Insecure File Uploads in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Action] Exploit insecure file upload functionalities in plugins or themes to upload malicious files (e.g., PHP webshells) and gain code execution. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ ├── Impact: High [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Remote Code Execution) │ ├───[OR] Authentication and Authorization Bypass in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ ├───[OR] Authentication Bypass in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ │ └───[Action] Exploit flaws in plugin/theme-specific authentication mechanisms to bypass login procedures. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ ├───[OR] Authorization Bypass in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Action] Exploit vulnerabilities in plugin/theme-specific permission systems to access restricted functionalities without proper authorization. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ └───[OR] Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ ├───[OR] Stored XSS in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ │ └───[Action] Inject malicious scripts into plugin/theme data stores that are rendered in application areas, affecting users. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[OR] Reflected XSS in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Action] Craft malicious URLs that inject scripts into plugin/theme pages due to insecure handling of input. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ └───[OR] Vulnerable Dependencies in Plugins/Themes [HIGH RISK PATH] │ └───[Action] Identify and exploit known vulnerabilities in third-party libraries or components used by plugins or themes (e.g., outdated JavaScript libraries, vulnerable PHP packages). [HIGH RISK PATH]

├───[AND] Exploit Configuration and Installation Weaknesses [HIGH RISK PATH] │ ├───[OR] Default or Weak Administrative Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Action] Attempt to access the OctoberCMS backend using default credentials (if any are documented or commonly used) or through brute-force/credential stuffing attacks if weak passwords are used. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ ├── Impact: Critical [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Admin Access) │ ├───[OR] Debug Mode Enabled in Production [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Action] If debug mode is enabled in a production environment, leverage exposed debugging information (e.g., stack traces, database queries) to gain insights into the application's internals and identify potential vulnerabilities. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ ├───[OR] Information Disclosure through Configuration Files [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ └───[Action] Attempt to access publicly accessible configuration files (e.g., .env, config/database.php if misconfigured) to obtain sensitive information like database credentials, API keys, or application secrets. [HIGH RISK PATH] │ │ ├── Impact: High [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Credential Exposure)

└───[AND] Social Engineering and Phishing (Targeting Admins) [HIGH RISK PATH] └───[Action] Conduct social engineering or phishing attacks targeting OctoberCMS administrators to obtain their credentials and gain access to the backend. (While not strictly an OctoberCMS vulnerability, it's a relevant attack vector for compromising the application). [HIGH RISK PATH] ├── Impact: Critical [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Admin Access)

Attack Tree Path: 1. Exploit Plugin and Theme Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]:

  • Attack Vectors:

    • Code Injection (PHP, Twig, JavaScript):
      • Insecure handling of user input within plugin/theme code.
      • Lack of input validation and output encoding.
      • Vulnerabilities in custom PHP or Twig template logic.
      • Exploiting JavaScript vulnerabilities to inject malicious scripts.
    • SQL Injection:
      • Plugins/themes constructing insecure SQL queries.
      • Directly using user input in SQL queries without sanitization or parameterized queries.
    • Insecure File Uploads:
      • Plugins/themes allowing file uploads without proper validation.
      • Lack of file type restrictions, size limits, and antivirus scanning.
      • Predictable upload paths allowing direct access to uploaded files.
    • Authentication and Authorization Bypass:
      • Flaws in custom authentication or authorization logic implemented by plugins/themes.
      • Parameter tampering to bypass access controls.
      • Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) in plugin/theme functionalities.
    • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):
      • Plugins/themes not properly encoding user-generated content before displaying it.
      • Reflected XSS through vulnerable URL parameters in plugin/theme pages.
      • Stored XSS by injecting malicious scripts into plugin/theme data stores.
    • Vulnerable Dependencies:
      • Plugins/themes using outdated or vulnerable third-party libraries (PHP, JavaScript, etc.).
      • Lack of dependency management and vulnerability scanning for plugin/theme dependencies.

  • Critical Nodes:

    • PHP Code Injection in Plugins/Themes [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Remote Code Execution)
    • Twig Template Injection in Plugins/Themes [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Remote Code Execution)
    • SQL Injection in Plugins/Themes [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Data Breach, RCE potential)
    • Insecure File Uploads in Plugins/Themes [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Remote Code Execution)

  • Mitigation Strategies:

    • Strict Plugin/Theme Review Process: Implement a security review process for all plugins and themes before installation.
    • Use Reputable Sources: Prefer plugins and themes from the official OctoberCMS marketplace or reputable developers.
    • Regular Updates: Keep plugins and themes updated to the latest versions to patch known vulnerabilities.
    • Secure Coding Practices for Plugins/Themes: Educate plugin/theme developers on secure coding practices, including input validation, output encoding, parameterized queries, and secure file handling.
    • Dependency Scanning: Implement dependency scanning for plugins and themes to identify and update vulnerable libraries.
    • Web Application Firewall (WAF): Use a WAF to detect and block common plugin/theme vulnerabilities.
    • Regular Security Audits: Conduct security audits and penetration testing specifically targeting plugins and themes.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Configuration and Installation Weaknesses [HIGH RISK PATH]:

  • Attack Vectors:

    • Default or Weak Administrative Credentials:
      • Using default credentials for the OctoberCMS administrator account.
      • Setting weak or easily guessable passwords for administrative accounts.
      • Credential stuffing attacks against the admin login page.
      • Brute-force attacks against the admin login page.
    • Debug Mode Enabled in Production:
      • Leaving OctoberCMS's debug mode enabled in a live production environment.
      • Exposing sensitive debugging information like stack traces, database queries, and application internals.
      • Using debug information to identify vulnerabilities and craft exploits.
    • Information Disclosure through Configuration Files:
      • Misconfiguring the web server to allow public access to sensitive configuration files (e.g., .env, config/database.php).
      • Exposing database credentials, API keys, application secrets, and other sensitive information.

  • Critical Nodes:

    • Default or Weak Administrative Credentials [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Admin Access)
    • Information Disclosure through Configuration Files [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Credential Exposure)

  • Mitigation Strategies:

    • Secure Installation Process: Follow secure installation guidelines for OctoberCMS.
    • Strong Administrative Credentials: Set strong, unique passwords for all administrative accounts.
    • Disable Debug Mode in Production: Ensure debug mode is disabled in production environments.
    • Secure Configuration File Storage: Protect configuration files and ensure they are not publicly accessible.
    • Regular Security Configuration Reviews: Periodically review and harden server and application configurations.
    • Principle of Least Privilege: Restrict access to the server and OctoberCMS files to only necessary personnel.
    • Web Server Hardening: Implement web server hardening best practices to prevent access to sensitive files.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Social Engineering and Phishing (Targeting Admins) [HIGH RISK PATH]:

  • Attack Vectors:

    • Phishing Emails:
      • Crafting deceptive emails that mimic legitimate communications from OctoberCMS or the organization.
      • Tricking administrators into clicking malicious links or providing their credentials on fake login pages.
    • Social Engineering Tactics:
      • Pretending to be a legitimate user, support staff, or other trusted entity to gain administrator credentials or access.
      • Exploiting trust and human psychology to manipulate administrators into revealing sensitive information.
      • Using pretexting, baiting, or quid pro quo techniques.

  • Critical Nodes:

    • Social Engineering and Phishing (Targeting Admins) [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH] (Admin Access)

  • Mitigation Strategies:

    • Security Awareness Training: Provide regular security awareness training to administrators and all users, focusing on phishing, social engineering, and password security.
    • Strong Password Policies: Enforce strong password policies and encourage the use of password managers.
    • Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Implement MFA for all administrative accounts.
    • Phishing Simulations: Conduct regular phishing simulations to test user awareness and identify areas for improvement.
    • Incident Response Plan: Have a clear incident response plan in place to handle potential social engineering or phishing attacks.
    • Email Security Measures: Implement email security measures like SPF, DKIM, and DMARC to reduce phishing email delivery.