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Attack Tree Analysis for pestphp/pest

Objective: To achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE) on the development/testing environment or influence the application's behavior by manipulating tests, leveraging vulnerabilities or misconfigurations related to PestPHP.

Attack Tree Visualization

  • [CRITICAL NODE] Attack Goal: Achieve Remote Code Execution or Influence Application via PestPHP [CRITICAL NODE]
    • [CRITICAL NODE] 1. Exploit Code Execution during Test Execution [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
      • [CRITICAL NODE] 1.1.3. Compromised Development Environment (Pre-existing Access) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
      • [CRITICAL NODE] 1.2. Exploit Vulnerabilities in PestPHP Dependencies [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
        • [CRITICAL NODE] 1.2.1. Known Vulnerabilities in Pest Core Dependencies (e.g., PHPUnit, Symfony Components) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
        • [CRITICAL NODE] 1.2.3. Transitive Dependency Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
      • [CRITICAL NODE] 1.3. Exploit Pest Configuration Misconfigurations [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]
        • [CRITICAL NODE] 1.3.2. Overly Permissive Test Suite Execution Scope (Access to Sensitive Resources) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

Attack Tree Path: 1. [CRITICAL NODE] Attack Goal: Achieve Remote Code Execution or Influence Application via PestPHP [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Attack Vector: This is the ultimate objective. Success here means the attacker has gained significant control over the application or its testing environment through PestPHP related vulnerabilities.
  • Impact: Critical - Full compromise of the application or development/testing infrastructure.

Attack Tree Path: 2. [CRITICAL NODE] 1. Exploit Code Execution during Test Execution [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: This is the primary high-risk path. Pest executes PHP code during tests, making it a direct avenue for code injection and execution.
  • Impact: Critical - Remote Code Execution (RCE).
  • Likelihood: High - Due to the nature of code execution in testing and potential vulnerabilities in related areas.
  • Mitigation Focus: Prioritize preventing any form of malicious code injection or execution during Pest test runs.

Attack Tree Path: 3. [CRITICAL NODE] 1.1.3. Compromised Development Environment (Pre-existing Access) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Attacker gains access to the development environment through methods like:
    • Compromised developer accounts (weak passwords, phishing).
    • Insider threats (malicious or negligent employees).
    • Exploiting vulnerabilities in development environment infrastructure.
  • Impact: Critical - Full system compromise of the development environment, allowing modification of test files and potentially application code.
  • Likelihood: Medium - Development environments often have weaker security controls than production.
  • Effort: Medium - Depends on the security posture of the development environment, could range from simple password guessing to more sophisticated social engineering or exploits.
  • Skill Level: Intermediate.
  • Detection Difficulty: High - Requires robust logging and anomaly detection within the development environment, as malicious activity can blend with normal developer actions.
  • Mitigation Focus:
    • Secure access controls (Multi-Factor Authentication, Principle of Least Privilege).
    • Regular security audits of development environment infrastructure.
    • Security awareness training for developers.
    • Strong password policies and account management.

Attack Tree Path: 4. [CRITICAL NODE] 1.2. Exploit Vulnerabilities in PestPHP Dependencies [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Exploiting known vulnerabilities in PestPHP's dependencies, such as:
    • PHPUnit
    • Symfony components
    • Other libraries used by Pest or the application's test suite.
  • Impact: High-Critical - Can lead to Remote Code Execution, Denial of Service, or other forms of compromise, depending on the specific vulnerability.
  • Likelihood: Medium - Dependencies frequently have vulnerabilities, and if not managed properly, outdated vulnerable versions can persist.
  • Effort: Low - Exploits for known vulnerabilities are often publicly available and easy to use.
  • Skill Level: Beginner-Intermediate - Utilizing existing exploits requires relatively low skill.
  • Detection Difficulty: Low-Medium - Vulnerability scanners and security monitoring can detect exploitation attempts if signatures are available.
  • Mitigation Focus:
    • Regular dependency updates.
    • Automated vulnerability scanning (e.g., composer audit).
    • Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) management to track dependencies.
    • Dependency pinning to control versions.

Attack Tree Path: 5. [CRITICAL NODE] 1.2.1. Known Vulnerabilities in Pest Core Dependencies (e.g., PHPUnit, Symfony Components) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Specifically targeting known, publicly disclosed vulnerabilities in direct dependencies of PestPHP.
  • Impact: High-Critical - Same as general dependency vulnerabilities (RCE, DoS, etc.).
  • Likelihood: Medium - These vulnerabilities are often discovered and patched, but applications might lag in updating.
  • Effort: Low - Exploits are often readily available.
  • Skill Level: Beginner-Intermediate.
  • Detection Difficulty: Low-Medium.
  • Mitigation Focus: Same as general dependency vulnerabilities (regular updates, vulnerability scanning, SBOM).

Attack Tree Path: 6. [CRITICAL NODE] 1.2.3. Transitive Dependency Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities in transitive dependencies - dependencies of Pest's direct dependencies. These are often overlooked in security assessments.
  • Impact: High-Critical - Same as direct dependency vulnerabilities.
  • Likelihood: Medium - Transitive dependencies are often less visible and might not be updated as diligently.
  • Effort: Low-Medium - Vulnerability scanners can identify transitive vulnerabilities.
  • Skill Level: Beginner-Intermediate (using scanners).
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Requires tools that can analyze the full dependency tree.
  • Mitigation Focus:
    • Dependency auditing tools that analyze transitive dependencies.
    • SBOM management for full dependency visibility.
    • Consider strategies to flatten dependency structures where feasible to simplify management.

Attack Tree Path: 7. [CRITICAL NODE] 1.3. Exploit Pest Configuration Misconfigurations [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Exploiting insecure configurations in PestPHP's pest.php file or related settings, such as:
    • Unsafe include paths that could lead to Local File Inclusion (LFI).
    • Overly permissive access to sensitive resources during test execution.
  • Impact: Medium-Critical - Depending on the misconfiguration, could lead to information disclosure, unauthorized access, or even Remote Code Execution in some scenarios.
  • Likelihood: Low - Default Pest configuration is generally secure, but custom configurations or modifications can introduce vulnerabilities.
  • Effort: Low - Simple configuration errors are easy to make.
  • Skill Level: Beginner.
  • Detection Difficulty: Low-Medium - Configuration reviews and static analysis can detect some misconfigurations.
  • Mitigation Focus:
    • Secure configuration practices.
    • Principle of Least Privilege for file access and test execution scope.
    • Regular review of Pest configuration files.

Attack Tree Path: 8. [CRITICAL NODE] 1.3.2. Overly Permissive Test Suite Execution Scope (Access to Sensitive Resources) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH-RISK PATH]

  • Attack Vector: Tests are configured or allowed to access sensitive resources (databases, APIs, file systems) in a production-like environment without proper isolation. A compromised test could then interact with and potentially compromise these real resources.
  • Impact: Medium-High - Data breaches, unauthorized access to sensitive resources, potential disruption of services.
  • Likelihood: Medium - Common in development if test environments are not properly isolated and tests interact with live systems.
  • Effort: Low - Exploiting existing test access is relatively easy if the environment is misconfigured.
  • Skill Level: Beginner-Intermediate.
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium - Requires monitoring test environment access and activity, and understanding the intended scope of tests.
  • Mitigation Focus:
    • Isolate test environments (use dedicated test databases, mock external services).
    • Principle of Least Privilege for test execution context - limit permissions.
    • Use mocking and stubbing extensively to avoid real interactions with external systems during testing.