Objective: Compromise an application using Home Assistant Core to gain unauthorized control of the Home Assistant instance and potentially connected smart home devices/data.
Compromise Home Assistant Application [CRITICAL NODE]
├───(OR)─ Exploit Vulnerabilities in Home Assistant Core [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│ ├───(AND)─ Trigger Vulnerability [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├─── Craft Malicious Input (e.g., via API, Web UI) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ ├───(OR)─ Exploit Integration Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├───(OR)─ Exploit Official Integration Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ ├───(AND)─ Trigger Vulnerability in Official Integration [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ │ ├─── Interact with Vulnerable Integration Functionality [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ └─── Exploit Input Validation Flaws/Logic Errors [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └───(OR)─ Exploit Custom Integration Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ ├─── Identify Poorly Coded/Unmaintained Integrations [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └───(AND)─ Trigger Vulnerability in Custom Integration [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├─── Interact with Vulnerable Custom Integration Functionality [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └─── Exploit Code Injection/Logic Errors in Custom Integration [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ ├───(OR)─ Exploit Dependency Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ ├───(AND)─ Trigger Vulnerability in Dependency [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├─── Trigger Functionality Using Vulnerable Dependency [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └─── Exploit Known Vulnerability in Dependency [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ ├───(OR)─ Exploit Web UI Vulnerabilities (Home Assistant Frontend) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ ├───(AND)─ Trigger Web UI Vulnerability [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├─── Inject Malicious Script (XSS) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ └───(OR)─ Exploit API Vulnerabilities (REST/WebSocket) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ ├───(AND)─ Trigger API Vulnerability [CRITICAL NODE]
│ ├─── Send Malicious API Request [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ └─── Bypass Authentication/Authorization [HIGH RISK PATH]
├───(OR)─ Exploit Configuration Weaknesses in Home Assistant Core [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│ ├───(OR)─ Exploit Insecure Authentication [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ ├───(AND)─ Identify Weak Authentication Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ ├─── Check `configuration.yaml` for insecure settings [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ └─── Identify Missing/Weak Authentication Mechanisms [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └───(AND)─ Exploit Weak Authentication [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├─── Brute-force Weak Passwords [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └─── Bypass Authentication due to Misconfiguration [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ ├───(OR)─ Exploit Exposed Services [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ ├───(AND)─ Identify Exposed Services [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ ├─── Network Scanning for Open Ports (e.g., 8123, MQTT) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ └─── Check Firewall/Network Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └───(AND)─ Exploit Exposed Service [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├─── Access Unprotected Web UI [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └─── Exploit Unsecured MQTT Broker/Other Services [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ ├───(OR)─ Exploit Insecure Integration Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ ├───(AND)─ Identify Insecure Integration Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ ├─── Analyze Integration Configuration Files (`configuration.yaml`, integration specific files) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ │ └─── Identify Integrations with Default/Weak Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └───(AND)─ Exploit Insecure Integration Configuration [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ ├─── Access Integration with Default Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └─── Exploit Misconfigured Integration Permissions [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ └───(OR)─ Exploit Information Disclosure
│ └───(AND)─ Exploit Information Disclosure [CRITICAL NODE]
│ └─── Obtain Credentials/API Keys [HIGH RISK PATH]
├───(OR)─ Social Engineering Attacks Targeting Home Assistant Users (Less Core Specific, but relevant) [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
│ ├───(OR)─ Phishing for Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ │ └───(AND)─ User Falls for Phishing [CRITICAL NODE]
│ │ └─── User Enters Credentials on Phishing Site [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ └───(OR)─ Malicious Integration Installation (Social Engineering) [HIGH RISK PATH]
│ └───(AND)─ User Installs Malicious Integration [CRITICAL NODE]
│ └─── User Installs and Configures Malicious Integration [HIGH RISK PATH]
Attack Vector: Exploiting security vulnerabilities within the Home Assistant Core software itself. This includes flaws in the core Python code, C extensions, or underlying libraries. Critical Node: Trigger Vulnerability: This is the point where the attacker actively exploits a discovered vulnerability. High-Risk Path: Craft Malicious Input (e.g., via API, Web UI): Attack Steps: Identify a vulnerability in Home Assistant Core that can be triggered by specific input. Craft malicious input designed to exploit the vulnerability. This input could be sent through the API, Web UI, or other accessible interfaces. Send the malicious input to the Home Assistant instance. Potential Impact: Code execution, memory corruption, denial of service, data breach, full system compromise.
Attack Tree Path: Exploit Integration Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities within Home Assistant integrations. This includes both official integrations bundled with Home Assistant and custom integrations. Critical Node: Trigger Vulnerability in Official Integration / Custom Integration: This is the point where the attacker exploits a vulnerability in a specific integration. High-Risk Path: Exploit Official Integration Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH] High-Risk Path: Interact with Vulnerable Integration Functionality: Attack Steps: Identify a vulnerability in a specific function or feature of an official integration. Interact with the vulnerable functionality in a way that triggers the vulnerability. This could involve sending specific commands or data through the integration's interface. Potential Impact: Depends on the integration's capabilities, but could include unauthorized access to connected devices/services, data manipulation, or even code execution within the Home Assistant context. High-Risk Path: Exploit Input Validation Flaws/Logic Errors: Attack Steps: Identify input validation flaws or logic errors in an official integration. Provide crafted input that bypasses validation or exploits logic errors. Potential Impact: Data manipulation, access control bypass, denial of service, or other unintended behavior depending on the flaw. High-Risk Path: Exploit Custom Integration Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH] High-Risk Path: Identify Poorly Coded/Unmaintained Integrations: Attack Steps: Search for and identify custom integrations that are publicly available (e.g., on GitHub, forums). Analyze the code of these integrations, focusing on those that appear poorly coded, unmaintained, or lack security considerations. High-Risk Path: Interact with Vulnerable Custom Integration Functionality / Exploit Code Injection/Logic Errors in Custom Integration: (Similar to Official Integrations, but potentially higher likelihood due to less scrutiny) Attack Steps: Identify vulnerabilities (functionality flaws, input validation issues, code injection points, logic errors) in a custom integration. Interact with the vulnerable integration functionality or exploit the identified flaws. Potential Impact: Similar to official integrations, but potentially higher risk due to less security review and potentially broader access permissions granted to custom integrations. Code injection in custom integrations can be particularly dangerous, potentially leading to full system compromise.
Attack Tree Path: Exploit Dependency Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]
Attack Vector: Exploiting known vulnerabilities in third-party Python packages (dependencies) used by Home Assistant Core. Critical Node: Trigger Vulnerability in Dependency: This is the point where a vulnerability in a dependency is exploited within the Home Assistant context. High-Risk Path: Trigger Functionality Using Vulnerable Dependency / Exploit Known Vulnerability in Dependency: Attack Steps: Identify a vulnerable dependency used by Home Assistant Core. Determine how Home Assistant Core utilizes the vulnerable dependency. Trigger the vulnerable functionality within Home Assistant Core, indirectly exploiting the dependency vulnerability. Or, directly exploit a known vulnerability in the dependency if accessible. Potential Impact: Code execution, denial of service, or other impacts depending on the specific dependency and vulnerability. Can lead to system compromise if the vulnerable dependency has broad access or privileges within Home Assistant.
Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities in the Home Assistant Web UI (frontend), primarily focusing on client-side vulnerabilities. Critical Node: Trigger Web UI Vulnerability: This is the point where a Web UI vulnerability is actively exploited. High-Risk Path: Inject Malicious Script (XSS): Attack Steps: Identify an XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) vulnerability in the Home Assistant Web UI. This could be due to insufficient input sanitization or output encoding. Craft malicious JavaScript code. Inject the malicious script into the vulnerable part of the Web UI (e.g., through a crafted URL, stored data, or manipulated input). When a user accesses the affected page, the malicious script executes in their browser. Potential Impact: Session hijacking, stealing user credentials, defacing the UI, redirecting users to malicious sites, performing actions on behalf of the user, potentially gaining control over the user's Home Assistant session and access.
Attack Tree Path: Exploit API Vulnerabilities (REST/WebSocket) [HIGH RISK PATH]
Attack Vector: Exploiting vulnerabilities in the Home Assistant APIs (REST and WebSocket), which are used for communication between the frontend, integrations, and external applications. Critical Node: Trigger API Vulnerability: This is the point where an API vulnerability is actively exploited. High-Risk Path: Send Malicious API Request: Attack Steps: Identify a vulnerability in the Home Assistant API that can be triggered by a specific API request. This could be due to input validation flaws, injection vulnerabilities, or logic errors in API endpoints. Craft a malicious API request designed to exploit the vulnerability. Send the malicious API request to the Home Assistant API endpoint. Potential Impact: Code execution, data manipulation, unauthorized access to data or functionalities, denial of service, depending on the specific API vulnerability. High-Risk Path: Bypass Authentication/Authorization: Attack Steps: Identify a flaw in the API's authentication or authorization mechanisms. Craft API requests or manipulate the communication flow to bypass authentication or authorization checks. Gain unauthorized access to API endpoints and functionalities without proper credentials or permissions. Potential Impact: Full unauthorized access to the Home Assistant API, allowing the attacker to control devices, access data, and potentially compromise the entire system.
Attack Tree Path: Exploit Configuration Weaknesses in Home Assistant Core [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
Attack Vector: Exploiting insecure configurations of Home Assistant Core, making it vulnerable to attack.
Critical Node: Exploit Weak Authentication / Exploit Exposed Service / Exploit Insecure Integration Configuration / Exploit Information Disclosure: These nodes represent the exploitation of specific configuration weaknesses.
High-Risk Path: Exploit Insecure Authentication [HIGH RISK PATH]
High-Risk Path: Check configuration.yaml for insecure settings / Identify Missing/Weak Authentication Mechanisms:
Attack Steps:
Access the Home Assistant configuration files (e.g., configuration.yaml).
Analyze the authentication settings to identify weak configurations, such as default passwords, easily guessable passwords, or missing authentication mechanisms.
High-Risk Path: Brute-force Weak Passwords:
Attack Steps:
If weak passwords are suspected or identified, use brute-force tools to attempt to guess user passwords.
High-Risk Path: Bypass Authentication due to Misconfiguration:
Attack Steps:
Identify specific misconfigurations in the authentication setup that allow bypassing the intended authentication process.
Exploit these misconfigurations to gain unauthorized access without valid credentials.
Potential Impact (Insecure Authentication): Full unauthorized access to the Home Assistant instance, allowing complete control.
High-Risk Path: Exploit Exposed Services [HIGH RISK PATH]
High-Risk Path: Network Scanning for Open Ports (e.g., 8123, MQTT) / Check Firewall/Network Configuration:
Attack Steps:
Perform network scanning to identify open ports on the Home Assistant server, especially common Home Assistant ports like 8123 (Web UI) and 1883 (MQTT).
Check firewall rules and network configurations to determine if these services are unintentionally exposed to the internet or untrusted networks.
High-Risk Path: Access Unprotected Web UI / Exploit Unsecured MQTT Broker/Other Services:
Attack Steps:
If the Web UI is exposed without proper authentication, directly access it.
If an MQTT broker or other services are exposed without security, connect to them and attempt to exploit them.
Potential Impact (Exposed Services): Unauthorized access to the Web UI, control over MQTT devices if the broker is unsecured, and potential exploitation of other exposed services depending on their nature.
High-Risk Path: Exploit Insecure Integration Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]
High-Risk Path: Analyze Integration Configuration Files (configuration.yaml, integration specific files) / Identify Integrations with Default/Weak Credentials:
Attack Steps:
Analyze integration configuration files to identify integrations that are configured with default credentials or weak passwords.
High-Risk Path: Access Integration with Default Credentials / Exploit Misconfigured Integration Permissions:
Attack Steps:
Attempt to access integrations using default credentials.
Exploit misconfigured integration permissions to gain unauthorized access to integration functionalities or connected services.
Potential Impact (Insecure Integration Configuration): Unauthorized access to integrated services and devices, potentially leading to wider system compromise depending on the integration's capabilities.
High-Risk Path: Exploit Information Disclosure [HIGH RISK PATH]
Critical Node: Exploit Information Disclosure: This is the point where information disclosure is exploited to gain further access.
High-Risk Path: Obtain Credentials/API Keys:
Attack Steps:
Identify information disclosure vulnerabilities (e.g., in logs, error messages, API responses, Web UI).
Exploit these vulnerabilities to obtain sensitive information, such as credentials, API keys, or configuration details.
Potential Impact (Information Disclosure): Obtaining credentials or API keys can lead to direct access to Home Assistant or connected services, resulting in full compromise.
Attack Tree Path: Social Engineering Attacks Targeting Home Assistant Users [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]
Attack Vector: Manipulating Home Assistant users into performing actions that compromise their security. Critical Node: User Falls for Phishing / User Installs Malicious Integration: These nodes represent the points where user actions lead to compromise. High-Risk Path: Phishing for Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH] High-Risk Path: User Enters Credentials on Phishing Site: Attack Steps: Create a phishing campaign, including spoofed login pages and emails that mimic Home Assistant. Target Home Assistant users through forums, communities, or general email lists. Users, tricked by the phishing attempt, enter their credentials on the fake login page. The attacker captures the user's credentials. Potential Impact (Phishing): Account compromise, allowing the attacker to access and control the user's Home Assistant instance. High-Risk Path: Malicious Integration Installation (Social Engineering) [HIGH RISK PATH] High-Risk Path: User Installs and Configures Malicious Integration: Attack Steps: Create a fake or malicious custom integration that appears to offer useful functionality for Home Assistant. Promote the malicious integration on forums, communities, or other channels, using social engineering tactics to convince users to install it. Users, believing the integration is legitimate, install and configure it within their Home Assistant instance. The malicious integration executes malicious code within Home Assistant. Potential Impact (Malicious Integration): Malicious code execution within Home Assistant, potentially leading to full system compromise, data theft, or control over smart home devices.