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sec-design.md

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BUSINESS POSTURE

This project, Fluentd, aims to provide a unified logging layer, enabling businesses to collect, process, and forward log data from various sources to diverse destinations.

  • Business Priorities and Goals:

    • Centralized Logging: Aggregate logs from disparate systems into a single platform for easier analysis and management.
    • Real-time Data Processing: Enable immediate processing and forwarding of log data for timely insights and incident response.
    • Data Integration: Facilitate seamless integration with various data storage, analytics, and monitoring tools.
    • Scalability and Reliability: Ensure the logging system can handle increasing data volumes and remain operational under stress.
    • Open Source and Community Driven: Leverage community contributions and open standards for flexibility and cost-effectiveness.

  • Business Risks:

    • Data Loss: Failure to reliably collect and forward logs, leading to loss of critical operational data.
    • Data Breach: Unauthorized access to sensitive log data, resulting in confidentiality violations and compliance issues.
    • System Unavailability: Downtime of the logging system, hindering monitoring and incident response capabilities.
    • Performance Bottleneck: Inefficient log processing impacting overall system performance and data delivery latency.
    • Configuration Errors: Misconfiguration leading to incorrect data routing, filtering, or loss of logs.

SECURITY POSTURE

  • Existing Security Controls:

    • security control: Access control to Fluentd configuration files (typically file system permissions). Implemented via operating system level access controls.
    • security control: Plugin-based architecture allows for community contributions, but also requires careful review of plugin security. Implemented via community review process and user discretion.
    • security control: Support for TLS/SSL for secure communication channels. Implemented in input and output plugins that support network communication.

  • Accepted Risks:

    • accepted risk: Reliance on user-provided plugins introduces potential security vulnerabilities if plugins are not thoroughly vetted.
    • accepted risk: Default configurations might not be hardened and require manual security adjustments.
    • accepted risk: Security of destination systems is outside the scope of Fluentd itself.

  • Recommended Security Controls:

    • security control: Implement automated security scanning of Fluentd core and plugins (SAST, DAST, dependency scanning).
    • security control: Enforce least privilege principles for Fluentd process execution and access to resources.
    • security control: Implement centralized configuration management and version control for Fluentd configurations.
    • security control: Establish a security incident response plan specifically for the logging infrastructure.
    • security control: Regularly audit Fluentd configurations and logs for security misconfigurations and anomalies.

  • Security Requirements:

    • Authentication:
      • Requirement: Secure authentication mechanisms for accessing Fluentd management interfaces (if any) and configuration.
      • Requirement: Authentication for plugins that require external service access.
    • Authorization:
      • Requirement: Role-based access control (RBAC) for managing Fluentd configurations and accessing logs.
      • Requirement: Authorization policies to control plugin execution and resource access.
    • Input Validation:
      • Requirement: Input validation for data received from various sources to prevent injection attacks and data corruption.
      • Requirement: Sanitization of log data before forwarding to prevent cross-site scripting (XSS) or other injection vulnerabilities in downstream systems.
    • Cryptography:
      • Requirement: Encryption of sensitive log data in transit using TLS/SSL.
      • Requirement: Consider encryption of sensitive log data at rest, depending on storage destination capabilities and sensitivity of data.
      • Requirement: Secure storage and management of cryptographic keys and certificates.

DESIGN

C4 CONTEXT

flowchart LR
    subgraph "Organization"
    A("External System A\n(e.g., Web Application)")
    B("External System B\n(e.g., Database)")
    C("Internal Application C")
    D("Fluentd")
    E("Monitoring Dashboard\n(e.g., Grafana)")
    F("Data Storage\n(e.g., Elasticsearch, S3)")
    G("Security Team")
    H("Operations Team")
    end
    A -->|Logs & Events| D
    B -->|Logs & Events| D
    C -->|Logs & Events| D
    D -->|Forwarded Logs| F
    D -->|Metrics| E
    G -->|Security Monitoring & Analysis| F
    H -->|Operational Monitoring| E
    H -->|Fluentd Management| D
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  • Context Diagram Elements:
    • Element:
      • Name: External System A (e.g., Web Application)
      • Type: External System
      • Description: An external web application generating application logs and events.
      • Responsibilities: Generate application logs and events.
      • Security controls: Application-level logging controls, potentially input validation to prevent log injection.
    • Element:
      • Name: External System B (e.g., Database)
      • Type: External System
      • Description: An external database system generating database logs and events.
      • Responsibilities: Generate database logs and events.
      • Security controls: Database audit logging, access control to database logs.
    • Element:
      • Name: Internal Application C
      • Type: Internal System
      • Description: An internal application generating application logs and events.
      • Responsibilities: Generate application logs and events.
      • Security controls: Application-level logging controls, potentially input validation to prevent log injection, internal network segmentation.
    • Element:
      • Name: Fluentd
      • Type: System
      • Description: Unified logging layer responsible for collecting, processing, and forwarding logs and events.
      • Responsibilities: Collect logs from various sources, parse and filter logs, route logs to destinations, buffer logs for reliability.
      • Security controls: Access control to configuration, secure communication channels (TLS), input validation via plugins, plugin security vetting.
    • Element:
      • Name: Monitoring Dashboard (e.g., Grafana)
      • Type: External System
      • Description: A dashboard used by operations and security teams to visualize metrics derived from logs.
      • Responsibilities: Visualize metrics, provide operational and security insights.
      • Security controls: Authentication and authorization for dashboard access, secure communication with data storage.
    • Element:
      • Name: Data Storage (e.g., Elasticsearch, S3)
      • Type: External System
      • Description: Storage system for persistent storage of collected logs.
      • Responsibilities: Store log data, provide data retrieval capabilities.
      • Security controls: Access control to log data, encryption at rest, data retention policies.
    • Element:
      • Name: Security Team
      • Type: User
      • Description: Team responsible for security monitoring, incident response, and threat analysis.
      • Responsibilities: Security monitoring, threat detection, incident response, log analysis for security events.
      • Security controls: Access to monitoring dashboards and log data storage, security information and event management (SIEM) tools.
    • Element:
      • Name: Operations Team
      • Type: User
      • Description: Team responsible for system operations, performance monitoring, and troubleshooting.
      • Responsibilities: System monitoring, performance analysis, troubleshooting, Fluentd management.
      • Security controls: Access to monitoring dashboards, Fluentd management interfaces (configuration access).

C4 CONTAINER

flowchart LR
    subgraph "Fluentd System"
    A("Input Plugins\n(e.g., HTTP, Syslog, Tail)")
    B("Routing Engine")
    C("Buffer Subsystem")
    D("Output Plugins\n(e.g., Elasticsearch, S3, Kafka)")
    E("Configuration Management")
    end
    F("External System A") -->|Logs & Events| A
    G("External System B") -->|Logs & Events| A
    H("Internal Application C") -->|Logs & Events| A
    A -->|Parsed & Filtered Logs| B
    B -->|Routed Logs| C
    C -->|Buffered Logs| D
    D -->|Forwarded Logs| I("Data Storage")
    D -->|Metrics| J("Monitoring Dashboard")
    E -->|Configuration| B
    E -->|Configuration| A
    E -->|Configuration| D
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  • Container Diagram Elements:
    • Element:
      • Name: Input Plugins
      • Type: Container
      • Description: Responsible for collecting logs from various sources using different protocols and formats. Examples include HTTP, Syslog, Tail (file tailing).
      • Responsibilities: Receive logs from sources, parse logs into structured format, perform initial filtering and processing.
      • Security controls: Input validation, secure protocol handling (TLS for network inputs), plugin security vetting, access control to input ports/interfaces.
    • Element:
      • Name: Routing Engine
      • Type: Container
      • Description: Core component responsible for routing processed logs based on configuration rules to appropriate output plugins.
      • Responsibilities: Evaluate routing rules, direct logs to buffers, manage log flow.
      • Security controls: Configuration validation, access control to routing rules, rate limiting to prevent denial of service.
    • Element:
      • Name: Buffer Subsystem
      • Type: Container
      • Description: Provides buffering capabilities to ensure log delivery reliability even during temporary outages or backpressure in downstream systems.
      • Responsibilities: Buffer logs in memory or persistent storage, manage buffer queues, implement retry mechanisms.
      • Security controls: Secure buffer storage (encryption at rest if persistent), access control to buffer data, buffer overflow protection.
    • Element:
      • Name: Output Plugins
      • Type: Container
      • Description: Responsible for forwarding processed logs to various destinations such as databases, cloud storage, message queues, and monitoring systems. Examples include Elasticsearch, S3, Kafka.
      • Responsibilities: Format logs for destination systems, establish connections to destinations, forward logs, handle delivery acknowledgements and retries.
      • Security controls: Secure communication channels (TLS) to destinations, authentication and authorization for destination systems, output sanitization to prevent injection vulnerabilities in destinations, plugin security vetting.
    • Element:
      • Name: Configuration Management
      • Type: Container
      • Description: Manages the configuration of Fluentd, including input plugins, routing rules, output plugins, and buffer settings.
      • Responsibilities: Load and parse configuration files, validate configuration, provide API or interface for configuration management.
      • Security controls: Access control to configuration files, secure configuration storage, configuration version control, validation of configuration syntax and parameters.

DEPLOYMENT

Deployment Solution: Docker Container Deployment on Kubernetes

flowchart LR
    subgraph "Kubernetes Cluster"
    subgraph "Nodes"
    A("Node 1\n(Worker Node)")
    B("Node 2\n(Worker Node)")
    end
    C("Fluentd Pod 1"):::container -- Deployed on --> A
    D("Fluentd Pod 2"):::container -- Deployed on --> B
    E("Kubernetes Service\n(Load Balancer)"):::k8s -- Exposes --> C
    E -- Exposes --> D
    end
    F("External System A") -->|Logs & Events| E
    G("External System B") -->|Logs & Events| E
    H("Internal Application C") -->|Logs & Events| E
    C -->|Forwarded Logs| I("Data Storage"):::ext
    D -->|Forwarded Logs| I
    classDef container fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
    classDef k8s fill:#ccf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
    classDef ext fill:#eee,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
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  • Deployment Diagram Elements:
    • Element:
      • Name: Kubernetes Cluster
      • Type: Environment
      • Description: Container orchestration platform managing Fluentd deployment. Provides scalability, resilience, and automated management.
      • Responsibilities: Container orchestration, resource management, service discovery, load balancing.
      • Security controls: Kubernetes RBAC, network policies, pod security policies, secrets management, cluster security hardening.
    • Element:
      • Name: Node 1, Node 2 (Worker Nodes)
      • Type: Infrastructure
      • Description: Worker nodes in the Kubernetes cluster where Fluentd pods are deployed.
      • Responsibilities: Run container workloads, provide compute resources.
      • Security controls: Operating system hardening, node security configuration, container runtime security, network segmentation.
    • Element:
      • Name: Fluentd Pod 1, Fluentd Pod 2
      • Type: Container Instance
      • Description: Instances of Fluentd containers running within Kubernetes pods. Each pod encapsulates a Fluentd container and its dependencies.
      • Responsibilities: Collect, process, and forward logs as Fluentd instances.
      • Security controls: Container image security scanning, least privilege container configuration, resource limits, network policies for pod isolation.
    • Element:
      • Name: Kubernetes Service (Load Balancer)
      • Type: Load Balancer
      • Description: Kubernetes service of type LoadBalancer that exposes Fluentd pods to external log sources. Distributes incoming log traffic across Fluentd pods.
      • Responsibilities: Load balancing, service discovery, external access point for Fluentd.
      • Security controls: Network security groups/firewall rules, TLS termination, rate limiting, access control to service endpoint.
    • Element:
      • Name: Data Storage
      • Type: External System
      • Description: External data storage system (e.g., Elasticsearch) where Fluentd forwards processed logs.
      • Responsibilities: Persistent storage of logs, data retrieval.
      • Security controls: Data storage security controls as described in Context Diagram.

BUILD

flowchart LR
    A("Developer") -- Code Changes --> B("GitHub Repository")
    B -- Push --> C("GitHub Actions\n(CI Pipeline)")
    C -- Build & Test --> D("Build Artifacts\n(Docker Image, Gems)")
    C -- Security Scans\n(SAST, Dependency Check) --> E{Security Scan Results}
    E -- Failures --> C
    E -- Successes --> D
    D -- Publish --> F("Container Registry\n(e.g., Docker Hub)")
    D -- Publish --> G("Package Registry\n(e.g., RubyGems)")
    F -- Pull --> H("Deployment Environment")
    G -- Pull --> H
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  • Build Process Elements:
    • Element:
      • Name: Developer
      • Type: Actor
      • Description: Software developer contributing code changes to the Fluentd project.
      • Responsibilities: Write code, commit changes, create pull requests.
      • Security controls: Developer workstation security, code review process, secure coding practices, access control to repository.
    • Element:
      • Name: GitHub Repository
      • Type: Code Repository
      • Description: Git repository hosted on GitHub containing Fluentd source code.
      • Responsibilities: Version control, code storage, collaboration platform.
      • Security controls: Access control to repository (authentication, authorization), branch protection rules, audit logging, vulnerability scanning of repository.
    • Element:
      • Name: GitHub Actions (CI Pipeline)
      • Type: CI/CD System
      • Description: Automated CI/CD pipeline triggered by code changes in the GitHub repository.
      • Responsibilities: Automated build, test, security scans, and artifact publishing.
      • Security controls: Secure pipeline configuration, secrets management for credentials, access control to pipeline workflows, audit logging of pipeline execution.
    • Element:
      • Name: Build Artifacts (Docker Image, Gems)
      • Type: Artifacts
      • Description: Output of the build process, including Docker images for containerized deployment and Ruby Gems for Ruby-based deployments.
      • Responsibilities: Deployable artifacts for Fluentd.
      • Security controls: Artifact signing, integrity checks, vulnerability scanning of artifacts, secure storage of artifacts.
    • Element:
      • Name: Security Scan Results
      • Type: Security Tool Output
      • Description: Results from static application security testing (SAST) and dependency vulnerability scanning performed during the build process.
      • Responsibilities: Identify potential security vulnerabilities in code and dependencies.
      • Security controls: Security scanning tools configuration, vulnerability reporting, integration with CI pipeline for build failure on critical findings.
    • Element:
      • Name: Container Registry (e.g., Docker Hub)
      • Type: Artifact Registry
      • Description: Registry for storing and distributing Docker images.
      • Responsibilities: Store and serve Docker images.
      • Security controls: Access control to registry, image signing and verification, vulnerability scanning of images in registry, registry security hardening.
    • Element:
      • Name: Package Registry (e.g., RubyGems)
      • Type: Artifact Registry
      • Description: Registry for storing and distributing Ruby Gems.
      • Responsibilities: Store and serve Ruby Gems.
      • Security controls: Access control to registry, gem signing and verification, registry security hardening.
    • Element:
      • Name: Deployment Environment
      • Type: Environment
      • Description: Target environment where Fluentd is deployed (e.g., Kubernetes cluster).
      • Responsibilities: Run Fluentd instances.
      • Security controls: Deployment environment security controls as described in Deployment Diagram.

RISK ASSESSMENT

  • Critical Business Processes:

    • Operational Monitoring: Fluentd enables real-time monitoring of application and system behavior, crucial for maintaining service availability and performance.
    • Security Monitoring and Incident Response: Logs collected by Fluentd are essential for security monitoring, threat detection, and incident investigation.
    • Compliance and Auditing: Log data is often required for compliance with regulatory requirements and for audit trails.

  • Data Sensitivity:

    • Log data can contain sensitive information depending on the systems being monitored. This may include:
      • Application logs: Potentially contain user data, transaction details, error messages with sensitive information.
      • System logs: May contain system configurations, user activity, security events.
      • Database logs: Could include query details, data access patterns.
    • Sensitivity level: Moderate to High, depending on the specific data logged and the organization's data classification policies. Data confidentiality and integrity are important.

QUESTIONS & ASSUMPTIONS

  • Questions:

    • What are the specific regulatory compliance requirements for log data in the target environment?
    • What is the expected volume of log data Fluentd will need to handle?
    • What are the specific data retention requirements for logs?
    • Are there any specific security policies or standards that Fluentd deployment must adhere to?
    • What are the performance requirements for log delivery latency?

  • Assumptions:

    • Fluentd will be deployed in a cloud environment (e.g., AWS, Azure, GCP) or on-premises Kubernetes cluster.
    • Data storage destination supports appropriate security controls (access control, encryption at rest).
    • Security team and operations team have the necessary expertise to manage and monitor Fluentd.
    • Organization has existing security policies and incident response procedures that will be extended to cover the logging infrastructure.
    • Input sources are trusted to some extent, but input validation is still necessary to prevent injection attacks and data corruption.