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Attack Tree Analysis for heartcombo/devise

Objective: Compromise Application using Devise Vulnerabilities

Attack Tree Visualization

Root: **[CRITICAL NODE]** Compromise Application using Devise Vulnerabilities
├───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [1.0] Exploit Authentication Mechanisms **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   ├───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [1.1] Brute-Force Login Credentials **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───[1.1.1] Standard Brute-Force Attack **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   │   └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [1.1.1.1]  Insufficient Rate Limiting on Login Attempts
│   │   └───[1.1.2] Credential Stuffing Attack **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │       └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [1.1.2.1]  Lack of Protection Against Common Password Reuse
│   ├───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [1.2] Bypass Authentication Logic **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [1.2.2] Session Hijacking
│   │   │   └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [1.2.2.1]  Insecure Session Cookie Handling (Application Level)
│   └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [1.3] Exploit "Remember Me" Functionality
│       └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [1.3.1] Steal "Remember Me" Token
│           └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [1.3.1.1]  Insecure Storage or Transmission of Remember Me Token
├───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [2.0] Exploit Password Reset Functionality **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   ├───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [2.2] Password Reset Token Brute-Force
│   │   └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [2.2.1] Insufficient Rate Limiting on Password Reset Attempts
├───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [6.0] Exploit OmniAuth Integration (If Used) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   ├───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [6.1] OAuth Misconfiguration **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [6.1.1] Redirect URI Manipulation **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [6.1.2] Client Secret Exposure (Configuration Issue) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
└───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [7.0] Configuration and Implementation Weaknesses **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
    ├───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [7.1] Insecure Devise Configuration **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
    │   └───[7.1.3] Disabled Security Features (e.g., Rate Limiting, Lockable)
    └───**[CRITICAL NODE]** [7.2] Improper Devise Integration in Application Code **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
        ├───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [7.2.1] Overriding Devise Functionality Insecurely **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
        └───**[HIGH RISK PATH]** [7.2.3] Inconsistent Authorization Checks Around Devise Actions **[HIGH RISK PATH]**

Attack Tree Path: Root: Compromise Application using Devise Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]

  • Description: The ultimate goal of the attacker. Success means gaining unauthorized access or control over the application.
  • Impact: Critical - Full application compromise, data breach, loss of trust.

Attack Tree Path: 1.0 Exploit Authentication Mechanisms [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Targeting the core authentication process to bypass login requirements.
  • Impact: High - Account takeover, unauthorized access to protected resources.

Attack Tree Path: 1.1 Brute-Force Login Credentials [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Attempting to guess user credentials through repeated login attempts.
  • Impact: High - Account compromise, data breach.

Attack Tree Path: 1.1.1 Standard Brute-Force Attack [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Systematic guessing of passwords for known usernames.
  • Impact: High - Account compromise, data breach.

Attack Tree Path: 1.1.1.1 Insufficient Rate Limiting on Login Attempts [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Lack of controls to limit the number of login attempts from a single IP or account.
  • Likelihood: High
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Low
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Implement robust rate limiting on login attempts.

Attack Tree Path: 1.1.2 Credential Stuffing Attack [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Using leaked username/password pairs from other breaches to attempt login.
  • Impact: High - Account compromise, data breach.

Attack Tree Path: 1.1.2.1 Lack of Protection Against Common Password Reuse [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Users reusing passwords across services and application not enforcing strong password policies.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Low
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Enforce strong password policies, consider breach password detection, encourage MFA.

Attack Tree Path: 1.2 Bypass Authentication Logic [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Circumventing the intended authentication process through logical flaws or vulnerabilities.
  • Impact: High - Account takeover, unauthorized access.

Attack Tree Path: 1.2.2 Session Hijacking [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Stealing a valid user session ID to impersonate the user.
  • Impact: High - Account takeover.

Attack Tree Path: 1.2.2.1 Insecure Session Cookie Handling (Application Level) [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Session cookies not properly secured (e.g., missing HttpOnly/Secure flags, transmitted over HTTP).
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Low
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Secure session cookies with HttpOnly and Secure flags, enforce HTTPS.

Attack Tree Path: 1.3 Exploit "Remember Me" Functionality [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Abusing the "remember me" feature for persistent unauthorized access.
  • Impact: High - Persistent account access.

Attack Tree Path: 1.3.1 Steal "Remember Me" Token [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Obtaining the "remember me" token to bypass login.
  • Impact: High - Persistent account access.

Attack Tree Path: 1.3.1.1 Insecure Storage or Transmission of Remember Me Token [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Token stored insecurely or transmitted over HTTP, allowing interception.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Low
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Ensure secure token storage (Devise default is good), enforce HTTPS.

Attack Tree Path: 2.0 Exploit Password Reset Functionality [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Manipulating the password reset process to gain unauthorized access.
  • Impact: High - Account takeover.

Attack Tree Path: 2.2 Password Reset Token Brute-Force [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Attempting to guess password reset tokens through repeated requests.
  • Impact: High - Account takeover.

Attack Tree Path: 2.2.1 Insufficient Rate Limiting on Password Reset Attempts [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Lack of controls to limit password reset requests, allowing brute-forcing of tokens.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Medium
  • Skill Level: Medium
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Implement rate limiting on password reset requests.

Attack Tree Path: 6.0 Exploit OmniAuth Integration (If Used) [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Targeting vulnerabilities in the OAuth integration provided by OmniAuth and Devise.
  • Impact: High to Critical - Account takeover, data theft, full application compromise.

Attack Tree Path: 6.1 OAuth Misconfiguration [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Misconfigurations in OAuth settings leading to security flaws.
  • Impact: High to Critical - Account takeover, data theft, full application compromise.

Attack Tree Path: 6.1.1 Redirect URI Manipulation [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Manipulating the redirect URI in OAuth flows to redirect users to malicious sites.
  • Impact: High - Account takeover, data theft.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Low
  • Skill Level: Medium
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Strictly validate and whitelist redirect URIs.

Attack Tree Path: 6.1.2 Client Secret Exposure (Configuration Issue) [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Exposure of the OAuth client secret, allowing attackers to impersonate the application.
  • Impact: Critical - Full application compromise.
  • Likelihood: Low (but serious if it happens)
  • Impact: Critical
  • Effort: Low (if exposed)
  • Skill Level: Low (to exploit if exposed)
  • Detection Difficulty: Low (if publicly exposed)
  • Actionable Insight: Securely store OAuth client secrets, never hardcode them.

Attack Tree Path: 7.0 Configuration and Implementation Weaknesses [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: General weaknesses arising from insecure configuration or improper integration of Devise.
  • Impact: Medium to Critical - Increased vulnerability to various attacks, potential for full compromise.

Attack Tree Path: 7.1 Insecure Devise Configuration [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Devise configured with weak security settings or disabling important security features.
  • Impact: Medium to High - Increased vulnerability to various attacks.

Attack Tree Path: 7.1.3 Disabled Security Features (e.g., Rate Limiting, Lockable)

  • Description: Disabling crucial security features provided by Devise, weakening overall security.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: Medium to High
  • Effort: None (exploits existing weakness)
  • Skill Level: Low
  • Detection Difficulty: Very Low
  • Actionable Insight: Enable and properly configure security features like rate limiting and lockable accounts.

Attack Tree Path: 7.2 Improper Devise Integration in Application Code [CRITICAL NODE, HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Security flaws introduced due to incorrect or insecure implementation of Devise within the application.
  • Impact: Medium to High - Unauthorized access, data manipulation, potential for full compromise.

Attack Tree Path: 7.2.1 Overriding Devise Functionality Insecurely [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Custom code overriding Devise features introduces new vulnerabilities.
  • Impact: High - Various depending on flaw (Auth Bypass, etc.).
  • Likelihood: Medium (if customization is done)
  • Impact: High
  • Effort: Medium
  • Skill Level: Medium
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Thoroughly review and security test any custom Devise code.

Attack Tree Path: 7.2.3 Inconsistent Authorization Checks Around Devise Actions [HIGH RISK PATH]

  • Description: Missing or inconsistent authorization checks around actions related to Devise models.
  • Impact: Medium to High - Unauthorized access, data manipulation.
  • Likelihood: Medium
  • Impact: Medium to High
  • Effort: None (exploits existing weakness)
  • Skill Level: Low to Medium
  • Detection Difficulty: Medium
  • Actionable Insight: Implement consistent and robust authorization checks throughout the application, especially around Devise actions.