attack-tree.md

Attack Tree Analysis for dani-garcia/vaultwarden

Objective: Compromise application that uses Vaultwarden by exploiting weaknesses or vulnerabilities within Vaultwarden itself.

Attack Tree Visualization

Compromise Application via Vaultwarden
├───(OR)─ Compromise Vaultwarden Server Directly **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   ├───(OR)─ Exploit Vaultwarden Application Vulnerabilities **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───(OR)─ Authentication & Authorization Bypass **[CRITICAL NODE]** **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   │   └───(AND)─ Brute-force/Credential Stuffing Attacks (Weak Password Policy) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───(OR)─ Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   │   └───(AND)─ Resource Exhaustion (CPU, Memory, Disk) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───(OR)─ Vulnerabilities in Dependencies (Libraries, Frameworks) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   ├───(OR)─ Misconfiguration Vulnerabilities **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   │   ├───(AND)─ Insecure Default Settings (e.g., weak encryption, debug mode enabled) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   │   └───(AND)─ Lack of HTTPS/TLS or Improper TLS Configuration **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   └───(OR)─ Logic Flaws in Vaultwarden Functionality
│   │       └───(AND)─ Vulnerabilities in Password Generation/Storage **[CRITICAL NODE]**
│   ├───(OR)─ Exploit Server Infrastructure Vulnerabilities **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   │   └───(AND)─ Operating System Vulnerabilities **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
├───(OR)─ Compromise Vaultwarden Database Directly **[HIGH RISK PATH]** **[CRITICAL NODE]**
│   └───(OR)─ Database Credential Compromise **[HIGH RISK PATH]** **[CRITICAL NODE]**
│       ├───(AND)─ Weak Database Password **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│       └───(AND)─ Exposed Database Credentials (in configuration files, environment variables, code) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
│   └───(OR)─ Database Server Vulnerabilities **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
├───(OR)─ Supply Chain Attacks Targeting Vaultwarden **[CRITICAL NODE]**
│   ├───(AND)─ Compromised Dependencies (malicious or vulnerable dependencies introduced into Vaultwarden's build process) **[CRITICAL NODE]**
│   └───(AND)─ Compromised Build/Release Pipeline (attacker gains access to Vaultwarden's build or release process to inject malicious code) **[CRITICAL NODE]**
└───(OR)─ Social Engineering Targeting Vaultwarden Users **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
    └───(AND)─ Phishing Attacks (targeting Vaultwarden users to obtain credentials or install malware) **[HIGH RISK PATH]**
    └───(AND)─ Insider Threats (malicious or negligent insiders with access to Vaultwarden or its infrastructure) **[CRITICAL NODE]**

Attack Tree Path: 1. Compromise Vaultwarden Server Directly [HIGH RISK PATH]:

• Attack Vectors:
  • Exploiting vulnerabilities in the Vaultwarden application itself.
  • Exploiting vulnerabilities in the underlying server infrastructure (Operating System, Network, etc.).
  • Misconfigurations of the Vaultwarden server or its environment.

Attack Tree Path: 2. Exploit Vaultwarden Application Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]:

• Attack Vectors:
  • Authentication & Authorization Bypass [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Brute-force/Credential Stuffing Attacks (Weak Password Policy) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
      • Attacker attempts to guess user passwords through repeated login attempts.
      • Attacker uses lists of compromised credentials from other breaches to try and login (credential stuffing).
      • Weak password policies make password guessing easier.
    • Vulnerabilities in Login/Authentication Logic:
      • Flaws in the code that handles user login and authentication, potentially allowing bypass without valid credentials.
      • Vulnerabilities in Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) implementation, allowing bypass of MFA.
    • Session Hijacking/Fixation:
      • Stealing a valid user session ID to impersonate the user.
      • Forcing a user to use a known session ID controlled by the attacker.
    • Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) in API endpoints:
      • Exploiting API endpoints that do not properly validate user authorization, allowing access to resources they shouldn't have access to.
    • Vulnerabilities in Password Reset Mechanism:
      • Flaws in the password reset process that allow an attacker to reset another user's password without proper authorization.
  • Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Resource Exhaustion (CPU, Memory, Disk) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
      • Overwhelming the server with requests to consume CPU, memory, or disk resources, making the application unavailable.
  • Vulnerabilities in Dependencies (Libraries, Frameworks) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Exploiting known vulnerabilities in third-party libraries or frameworks used by Vaultwarden.
  • Misconfiguration Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Insecure Default Settings (e.g., weak encryption, debug mode enabled) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
      • Exploiting default configurations that are not secure, such as weak encryption algorithms or enabled debug modes in production.
    • Lack of HTTPS/TLS or Improper TLS Configuration [HIGH RISK PATH]:
      • Intercepting communication if HTTPS/TLS is not enabled or improperly configured, leading to data interception (Man-in-the-Middle attacks).
  • Logic Flaws in Vaultwarden Functionality:
    • Vulnerabilities in Password Generation/Storage [CRITICAL NODE]:
      • Flaws in how Vaultwarden generates or stores passwords, potentially leading to weak encryption or exposure of passwords.

Attack Tree Path: 3. Exploit Server Infrastructure Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]:

• Attack Vectors:
  • Operating System Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Exploiting known vulnerabilities in the operating system running the Vaultwarden server to gain unauthorized access or execute arbitrary code.

Attack Tree Path: 4. Compromise Vaultwarden Database Directly [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]:

• Attack Vectors:
  • Database Credential Compromise [HIGH RISK PATH] [CRITICAL NODE]:
    • Weak Database Password [HIGH RISK PATH]:
      • Guessing or cracking a weak password used to protect the database.
    • Exposed Database Credentials (in configuration files, environment variables, code) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
      • Finding database credentials that are inadvertently exposed in configuration files, environment variables, or hardcoded in the application.
  • Database Server Vulnerabilities [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Exploiting known vulnerabilities in the database server software to gain unauthorized access or execute arbitrary code.

Attack Tree Path: 5. Supply Chain Attacks Targeting Vaultwarden [CRITICAL NODE]:

• Attack Vectors:
  • Compromised Dependencies (malicious or vulnerable dependencies introduced into Vaultwarden's build process) [CRITICAL NODE]:
    • Malicious code injected into a dependency used by Vaultwarden, either intentionally or through compromise of the dependency's maintainers.
    • Vulnerable dependencies that are not patched, allowing attackers to exploit known flaws.
  • Compromised Build/Release Pipeline (attacker gains access to Vaultwarden's build or release process to inject malicious code) [CRITICAL NODE]:
    • Gaining unauthorized access to Vaultwarden's build or release infrastructure to inject malicious code into the official distribution.

Attack Tree Path: 6. Social Engineering Targeting Vaultwarden Users [HIGH RISK PATH]:

• Attack Vectors:
  • Phishing Attacks (targeting Vaultwarden users to obtain credentials or install malware) [HIGH RISK PATH]:
    • Tricking users into revealing their Vaultwarden credentials or other sensitive information through deceptive emails, websites, or messages.
    • Distributing malware disguised as legitimate Vaultwarden software or updates.
  • Insider Threats [CRITICAL NODE]:
    • Malicious actions by individuals with legitimate access to Vaultwarden systems or data, such as employees or contractors.
    • Negligent actions by insiders that unintentionally compromise security, such as misconfiguring systems or mishandling credentials.