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attack-tree.md

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Attack Tree Analysis for fuellabs/sway

Objective: Financial Gain/Data Manipulation through Sway Application Compromise.

Attack Tree Visualization

  • Root: Achieve Financial Gain/Data Manipulation through Sway Application Compromise [CRITICAL NODE]
      1. Exploit Sway Language Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]
      • 1.3. Incorrect Usage of Sway Features (Developer Error) [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 1.3.1. Reentrancy Vulnerabilities in Sway Contracts [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 1.3.2. Integer Overflow/Underflow in Sway Arithmetic [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 1.3.3. Access Control Bypass in Sway Contracts [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 1.3.4. Logic Errors in Sway Contract Business Logic [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 1.3.5. Unhandled Exceptions/Error Conditions in Sway [HIGH RISK PATH]
      1. Exploit FuelVM Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE]
      1. Exploit Tooling and Ecosystem Vulnerabilities [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]
      • 3.1. Vulnerabilities in Sway Development Tools (e.g., forc) [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 3.1.1. Supply Chain Attacks on Sway Tooling Dependencies [HIGH RISK PATH]
      • 3.2. Vulnerabilities in Deployment Scripts/Processes [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 3.2.1. Compromise Deployment Infrastructure [HIGH RISK PATH]
      • 3.3. Vulnerabilities in Libraries/Dependencies Used by Sway Applications [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 3.3.1. Exploit Known Vulnerabilities in External Libraries [HIGH RISK PATH]
      1. Social Engineering/Phishing Targeting Sway Developers/Users [CRITICAL NODE] [HIGH RISK PATH]
      • 4.1. Compromise Developer Accounts/Keys [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 4.1.1. Phishing Attacks to Steal Developer Credentials [HIGH RISK PATH]
        • 4.1.2. Social Engineering to Gain Access to Development Systems [HIGH RISK PATH]

Attack Tree Path: Critical Node: Root: Achieve Financial Gain/Data Manipulation through Sway Application Compromise

Attack Vectors: This is the ultimate goal, encompassing all successful attacks down the tree. Any successful exploitation of the sub-nodes leads to achieving this goal. * Why Critical: Represents the highest level objective and the target of all security efforts.

Attack Tree Path: Critical Node: 1. Exploit Sway Language Vulnerabilities

Attack Vectors: Compiler bugs, language design flaws, and incorrect usage of language features. While compiler bugs and language design flaws themselves are not high-risk paths due to lower likelihood, they are critical because they underpin all vulnerabilities related to Sway code. Incorrect usage of Sway features is a high-risk path branching from this critical node. * Why Critical: Language vulnerabilities can have a widespread impact, affecting all applications built with Sway.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path & Critical Node: 1.3. Incorrect Usage of Sway Features (Developer Error)

Attack Vectors: * Reentrancy vulnerabilities * Integer overflow/underflow * Access control bypass * Logic errors in business logic * Unhandled exceptions/error conditions * Why High-Risk: High likelihood due to common developer mistakes in smart contract development. High to critical impact as these vulnerabilities can directly lead to financial loss, data manipulation, or contract compromise. Relatively low to medium effort and skill level for exploitation, and medium detection difficulty, making them attractive targets for attackers.

* **High-Risk Path: 1.3.1. Reentrancy Vulnerabilities in Sway Contracts**
    * **Attack Vectors:**  Crafting malicious contracts or transactions that trigger reentrant calls to vulnerable functions, allowing attackers to repeatedly execute code and manipulate contract state in unintended ways.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Medium-High likelihood, High impact, Low-Medium effort, Medium skill level, Medium detection difficulty. Reentrancy is a well-known smart contract vulnerability, and developers might still make mistakes in preventing it.

* **High-Risk Path: 1.3.2. Integer Overflow/Underflow in Sway Arithmetic**
    * **Attack Vectors:** Providing inputs that cause arithmetic operations to overflow or underflow, leading to incorrect calculations, bypass of security checks, or unexpected contract behavior.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Medium likelihood, Medium-High impact, Low-Medium effort, Low-Medium skill level, Medium detection difficulty. Integer arithmetic errors are common programming mistakes, especially if input validation is insufficient.

* **High-Risk Path: 1.3.3. Access Control Bypass in Sway Contracts**
    * **Attack Vectors:** Exploiting flaws in access control logic to gain unauthorized access to privileged functions or data, allowing attackers to perform actions they are not supposed to.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Medium-High likelihood, High impact, Medium effort, Medium skill level, Medium detection difficulty. Access control logic can be complex and prone to errors, especially in intricate contracts.

* **High-Risk Path: 1.3.4. Logic Errors in Sway Contract Business Logic**
    * **Attack Vectors:** Identifying and exploiting flaws in the core business logic of the contract to manipulate its behavior for financial gain or data manipulation. This is highly context-dependent and relies on understanding the specific contract's purpose.
    * **Why High-Risk:** High likelihood, High-Critical impact, Medium-High effort, Medium-High skill level, Hard detection difficulty. Business logic is complex and unique, making errors highly probable and potentially very damaging.

* **High-Risk Path: 1.3.5. Unhandled Exceptions/Error Conditions in Sway**
    * **Attack Vectors:** Triggering unhandled exceptions or error conditions in the contract to cause unexpected state changes, denial of service, or contract malfunction.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Medium likelihood, Medium impact, Low-Medium effort, Low-Medium skill level, Medium detection difficulty. Developers might overlook error handling, especially in complex or edge cases.

Attack Tree Path: Critical Node: 2. Exploit FuelVM Vulnerabilities

Attack Vectors: VM execution bugs, gas/resource exhaustion attacks (if applicable), memory management issues in FuelVM. While VM execution bugs and memory management issues are not high-risk paths due to lower likelihood and higher effort, they are critical because they target the underlying execution environment. * Why Critical: FuelVM vulnerabilities can have a system-wide impact, potentially affecting the entire Fuel Network and all applications running on it.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path & Critical Node: 3. Exploit Tooling and Ecosystem Vulnerabilities

Attack Vectors: * Supply chain attacks on Sway tooling dependencies * Compromise of deployment infrastructure * Exploiting known vulnerabilities in external libraries used by Sway applications * Why High-Risk: Medium likelihood for supply chain and library vulnerabilities, and medium likelihood for deployment infrastructure compromise. Medium-High to High-Critical impact as these attacks can affect multiple applications and developers, potentially leading to widespread compromise. Effort and skill levels range from low-medium to medium, and detection difficulty ranges from easy-medium to medium-hard.

* **High-Risk Path: 3.1. Vulnerabilities in Sway Development Tools (e.g., `forc`)**
    * **Attack Vectors:**  Compromising dependencies of Sway development tools (like `forc`) to inject malicious code into developer environments or build processes.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Low-Medium likelihood, Medium-High impact, Medium effort, Medium skill level, Medium-Hard detection difficulty. Supply chain attacks are increasingly common and can be difficult to detect.

    * **High-Risk Path: 3.1.1. Supply Chain Attacks on Sway Tooling Dependencies**
        * **Attack Vectors:** Specifically targeting the dependencies of `forc` through techniques like dependency confusion or compromising upstream repositories.
        * **Why High-Risk:**  As above, supply chain attacks are a growing threat.

* **High-Risk Path: 3.2. Vulnerabilities in Deployment Scripts/Processes**
    * **Attack Vectors:** Exploiting vulnerabilities or misconfigurations in deployment scripts or infrastructure to gain access to private keys, API keys, or deployment credentials, allowing attackers to deploy malicious contracts or modify existing ones.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Medium likelihood, High-Critical impact, Medium effort, Medium skill level, Medium detection difficulty. Deployment infrastructure is a critical target, and weak security can lead to significant compromise.

    * **High-Risk Path: 3.2.1. Compromise Deployment Infrastructure**
        * **Attack Vectors:** Directly targeting the servers, cloud accounts, or systems used for deploying Sway applications.
        * **Why High-Risk:** As above, compromising deployment infrastructure grants significant control.

* **High-Risk Path: 3.3. Vulnerabilities in Libraries/Dependencies Used by Sway Applications**
    * **Attack Vectors:** Identifying and exploiting known vulnerabilities in external libraries used by Sway contracts.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Medium likelihood, Medium-High impact, Low-Medium effort, Low-Medium skill level, Easy-Medium detection difficulty (for known vulnerabilities).

    * **High-Risk Path: 3.3.1. Exploit Known Vulnerabilities in External Libraries**
        * **Attack Vectors:** Using vulnerability scanners and exploit databases to find and exploit known weaknesses in libraries used by Sway applications.
        * **Why High-Risk:** Exploiting known vulnerabilities is a relatively straightforward attack vector.

Attack Tree Path: High-Risk Path & Critical Node: 4. Social Engineering/Phishing Targeting Sway Developers/Users

Attack Vectors: * Phishing attacks to steal developer credentials * Social engineering to gain access to development systems * Why High-Risk: Medium-High likelihood for phishing, Low-Medium for broader social engineering. High-Critical impact as compromising developer accounts or systems can lead to full application compromise. Low effort and skill level for phishing, medium for social engineering, and medium to medium-hard detection difficulty. Human factors are often the weakest link in security.

* **High-Risk Path: 4.1. Compromise Developer Accounts/Keys**
    * **Attack Vectors:** Targeting developer accounts and private keys through various methods.
    * **Why High-Risk:** Access to developer accounts and keys grants significant control over applications.

    * **High-Risk Path: 4.1.1. Phishing Attacks to Steal Developer Credentials**
        * **Attack Vectors:** Sending deceptive emails or creating fake websites to trick developers into revealing their usernames, passwords, private keys, or API keys.
        * **Why High-Risk:** Medium-High likelihood, High-Critical impact, Low effort, Low-Medium skill level, Medium detection difficulty. Phishing is a common and effective attack vector.

    * **High-Risk Path: 4.1.2. Social Engineering to Gain Access to Development Systems**
        * **Attack Vectors:** Using manipulation, deception, or trickery to convince developers to grant unauthorized access to development systems or reveal sensitive information.
        * **Why High-Risk:** Low-Medium likelihood, Medium-High impact, Medium effort, Medium skill level, Medium-Hard detection difficulty. Social engineering can be effective against even technically secure systems.